Voltaires Impact from the Enlightenment to Todays Time Essay Example for Free

Voltaires Impact from the Enlightenment to Todays Time EssayLike so many of his peers, including a number of the founding fathers of the get together States, Voltaire was a deist who believed that God had created everything but then let it evolve on its own. Although educated by the Jesuits, Voltaire hated the Catholic Church. He is famously quoted to hand said Ecrasez linfame Crush the horrible thing referring to the Church. He had written most of his life on religious tolerance but the Jean Calas affair gave him the taper he needed and in 1763 he published A Treatise on Tolerance that focused entirely on the fibre. Making a powerful case for religious and intellectual granting immunity gave the fledgling Scientific Revolution in France a much needed boost. The Roman Catholic Church which in France had move around the only official state-sanctioned religion thanks to King Louis XIV. Voltaire in a tireless campaign argued that people should be permitted to worship as they pleased or not at all. Just as well, his tireless efforts to promote the empirical methods of Francis Bacon and John Locke of England as the only legitimate way to practice science were a direct challenge to the French rationalist tradition of, for example, Ren Descartes.Both traditions, religious and rationalist, proved difficult to dislodge, but change was in the air and intellectual freedom especially, became a rallying point. Voltaire spurred the third estates people into revolting along with many others. As a political theorist, he believed that the world is governed by natural laws which argon discernible by human reason. Natural laws are good and reasonable and man will be happy if they live by them. He would remark the government, such as he did both England and France which made people realize the rights of which they did not have and gave them more reason to overthrow.He helped clarify the peasants, city workers, and substance classmens reasons wherefore to revolt again st the over taxing, controlling, unjust, unfair and wealthy owned government that still resembled Feudalism in class structure and working conditions. This is in itself why governing institutions feared his word and rejected his theories very often. Voltaire had a great impact on his time and these ideas and theories are very relevant with todays time. He created many satire plays, poems, and books of which were best sellers. He also inspired a revolutionary perspective to inspire an enlightenment of new thinking amongst the political and social order. Voltaires Enlightenment impact will continue to fade in and out of societal cycles shaping the world we live in, even in its fine impacts.Works CitedEcrasez Linfame PANGEA PROGRESS. PANGEA PROGRESS. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.

Tobacco Company Strategies Towards Health Awareness Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Company Strategies Towards Health Awareness EssayThreats faced by the tobacco beau monde is the raise of awareness on the hazard of smoking and the big increament in taxes. The awareness campaign usually came from the local g overnment which tax is paid to. On the other hand, number of smokers charter got on rising each day eventhough the proggresive campaign towards the awareness of hazards of smoking. Several resistance towards the development of tobacco company. Like wise, the company has to raise the good two-baser of their company. By doing this, the bad image as a tobacco company which lead to unhealthy life style will be reduce. They tried to emerged with a lot of positive approach towards the effort on banning smoking in public area. The world tobacco industry captured sales of almost $721 zillion in 2010 according to analyst. Cigarettes represent the leading grocery segment with revenue exceeding $681 billion, which accounts for almost 95% of the overall m arket. The yearly rate of market harvest-time is expected to accelerate to be 4. 5% until 2015, bringing the market to almost $890 billion. The tobacco market involves the retail of tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos and chewing tobacco. There are currently or so 1. billion smokers in the world this figure is expected to climb at a rate of almost 4% per year. Tobacco is grown in over 120 countries worldwide, using close to 4 million hectares of total agricultural land available globally. Around 12 million cigarettes are smoked every minute around the world. Around 35% of men in developed nations smoke, compared with 50% of men in growth nations. About 22% of women smoke in developed nations, compared with less than 10% in developing nations. Cigarettes represent the largest share of the tobacco market in sales volume and value.Though consumption levels have fallen, the absolute number of smokers has been climbing along with the global population and disposable incomes, repor ts Global Industry Analysts. China is the largest regional market for cigarettes. Cigars do not generate the same sales or sell in the same high volume as cigarettes. In a more recent trend, the social cachet attached to cigars has been boosting sales. As consumers become more health conscious, they are opting for cigars for their lower level of harm to health. Cigarillos, which are cigars that way less than three grams, represent the market segments recording the most rapid growth.In the past, cigars have been such(prenominal) less marketed than cigarettes, associated with a different demographic (that of the older male), and have not been paid much promotional attention by companies. Advertising of cigars is on the rise, along with aromatic filter varieties, which appeal more to younger and female demographics, and there are increase numbers of tobacco-only stores in operation. The three leading companies in the global tobacco market are Philip Morris outside(a), China National Tobacco Corporation and Japan Tobacco.Philip Morris International is the worlds largest tobacco company, which sells its returns in 180 countries, and held a 16% stake in the international market outside of the US in 2010. Excluding China, the company holds almost 28% of the global market. As tobacco consumption in developed countries declines due to health awareness, tobacco companies are concentrating more on developing countries, including Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. The industry is focusing its efforts on advertising strategies such as offering low-risk crossways and re-launching existing products to attract female consumers.More recent product offerings include cigarettes flavored with mint, citrus, and vanilla, and low-risk products with reduced toxins and carcinogens or free of nicotine. The global tobacco industry continues to struggle with negative publicity due to health concerns, high taxes, and state regulations. erstwhile seen as a social pass time, sm oking is now perceived as anti-social and damaging to health, causing premature deaths and lunch cancer. Companies are now inevitable to include health warnings on their product labels and are no longer allowed to undertake marketing campaigns.For example in America, the tobacco industry has funded state initiatives that issue resources to help smokers quit smoking as per theMaster Settlement Agreementregulated by the U. S. government. For example,Phillip MorrisUSA operates aQuit Assistwebsite that acts as a guide for those who choose to quit smoking. Companies and organizations can sponsor events, programs, festivals, performances, individuals, groups, teams, equipment and/or facilities, by providing financial support for activities, promotions and services.Sponsorship refers to the donation of money, services or in-kind support in vary for recognition of the donation (e. g. , being listed as a sponsor of an event, production or competition). Many companies, including tobacco co mpanies, engage in sponsorship for the purpose of promoting a product or a cause, supporting a needy group, establishing name recognition for a company or brand, earning publicity for a good deed, or construction an image for a company, organization or product.

Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics EssayThis paper will focus on Benji Watson, a graduate from the Liberty University MBA program and his recruitment by a corporation that sells various vitamins, health foods and health supplements clean Gen Health Sciences. The case larn that was presented provides us certain information that Benji has either gotten from his recruiter or from his own personal research. After a weekend of being at the company introduction event, Benji is presented with a dilemma as to whether to accept the lucrative offer hot Gen has presented him. Through unwrap this paper I will take a closer look as to whether I believe Benji should or should not accept his compress offer from novel Gen. IntegrityOne of the most important factors when looking into joining a corporation is to take a look from the top and see how the CEO runs his corporation. Benji has already had several red flags raised as to the business practices that the CEO of New Gen employs throughout his corporatio n. Mary C. Daly (2003) describes how a Harvard Business School case study quoted an Enron official who gave a description of Jeffrey Skillings decision- fashioning process as follows It was all close to creating an atmosphere of deliberately breaking the rules (p. 269-270). She goes on to say that in a similar situation, Salomon Brothers encouraged extreme risk taking in the pursuit of gelt that some clock were not within the ethics or morals of the individual (p. 270). A severe lack of integrity within these corporations ultimately led to their demise.Unfortunately, it seems as if the CEO of New Gen is headed down this same path in his pursuit of profits. The CEO of New Gen claims to be a person who c atomic number 18s about people and making their lives better, yet he displays a total lack of integrity when he referred to the companys customers as fat, lazy, lethargic Americans. Benji needs to ask himself, is this the type of antique I want to work for? To make matters worse an d to once again bring the CEOs integrity into question, he harshly asked another latent employee whose infant child was crying to leave the room as to not bother the others who were in the room. I would caution Benji to take into consideration these actions when he makes his decision.Julia Sferlazzo (2012) describes twain types of business ethics theories and the debate that focuses on whose interests soldieryagers should consider when they argon making decisions (p. 772). The two theories, shareholder and stakeholder theories respectively, both take a divergent approach in how they go about implementing their business ethics. The shareholders theory basically involves when the only duty of the manager is to pursue profit and that the only obligations they have are to act within the confines of the law. This theory was favored in the early 1900s but over the past several decades this theory has fallen out of favor in terms of government regulation due to the corruption and corpo rate greed. In the stakeholders theory, a balance is placed on what is in the vanquish interest of the shareholder, employees, the community, and as society. This theory of professional ethics is accepted the most amongst academics (Sferlazzo, 2012, p.772-773).Based on the theories I have outlined above, I believe that New Gen more closely falls in line with the shareholder theory, and one that could lead down the path of corruption. Although New Gen is not ethically doing anything illegal, they are falsely marketing their company as a leader in ethics when in heartyity they are only in pursuit of the maximum cadence of profit. For the love of money is the root of all evil which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. But though, O man of God, flee these things and follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness (Timothy 610-11, NIV). Strategic Ethics vs. Real EthicsIn Dobsons (n.d.) criti que, he states several times that although a business actions may appear moral, it is clear that the motivation can sometimes only be material. This question is are these companies only saying they are running an ethical business as motivation to attract investors or are they taking action on what they are saying by their received ethics they are imploring. When Benji was conversing with his recruiter about New Gens labor leading ethics code, the recruiter basically told him that it was a strategy that the company had to say in put to ensuregovernment regulations were met and they could entice investors. This should be a red flag for Benji that this company may be employing a strategic ethic instead of certain ethics in order to attract new investors rather than doing the right thing. These dishonest business practices along with not being able to adhere to real ethics and using them only to their strategic advantage will eventually catch up to this company and its financials wi ll struggle if these practices continue.Beware of false prophets who pass off to you in sheeps clothing but inwardly are ravaging wolves (Matthew 715, NIV). Benji would be wise to heed the advice that Jesus gave to Matthew when advising him on how to enter the terra firma of heaven. Spiritually, Benji has to make a conscience effort to continue to research and investigate on whether this is a wise decision for him to accept a job from a potential dishonest corporation. Is New Gen a corporation that values its consumers and employers both ethically and spiritually or are they a corporation that only uses their industry leading ethics code as a strategic ploy to attract their investors? These are the questions Benji must consider when deciding on accepting this contract offer.The DecisionFrom both a spiritual and an ethical perspective there is no way that I would talk over Benji to accept this job offer. Although this job appears lucrative from the outside looking in, upon further research Benji should realize that this companys foundation is based upon furthering the profit for the CEO and not taking into consideration of the stakeholders. Furthermore, New Gen is a company that is dishonest and shows a total disregard to the integrity that a reputable business would display. In no way would I advise Benji to accept this job offer.ReferencesDaly, Mary C. (2003). INTEGRITY IN THE PRACTICE OF LAW TEACHING INTEGRITY IN THE PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY CURRICULUM A humble PROPOSAL FOR CHANGE. Fordham Law Review, 72, 261-277. Dobson, John (n.d.). Virtue Ethics as a Foundation for Business Ethics A MacIntyre-Based Critique Retrieved May15, 2013, from http//www.stthomas.edu/cathstudies/cst/conferences/antwerp/papers/dobson.pdf Sferlazzo, Julia (2012). attainment Legal Ethics From MBAs How a Comparison of Legal and Business Ethics Could Promote Ethical Professional Behavior. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 25, 769-786.

Social Media For The Promotion Of Burberry Products

kind Media For The furtherance Of Burberry ProductsThis plow consists of a complete analysis of the grocerying strategies that Burberry should physical exercise for the next 5 historic period to maintain its current market position. The main focus of this advertise is on making use of the Social media for the promotion of Burberry crossings.Case SolutionContents administrator SummaryThe key inconveniences in this effort be the deteriorating position of the brand which started of really successfully in 1856 as a retail store. Burberry then gave its licensing to former(a) distri hardlyors and g angiotensin-converting enzyme through acquisition later on it went global scarcely it ruined its brand position and consistency Its distribution, stigmatization media selection and pricing was not maintained. Again in 1990s the brand faced severe positioning issued when it moved to Asia and play along hired a sore CEO and advanced trouble took over the attach to to rejuvenate companys harvest-tide line, pricing, and its standing. They do brand innovative, changed the stain market and made the licensing very strong. They made the companies enjoy the boom but come on decisions of line extension were still a matter of concern for the company. The actions they should take are the proper market survey and Research for the new product they should conceive out proper likeness test for the new brand. It should prudently define its distribution strategy along with the media strategy. They should go for proper planning before frame of new perfume and other brands this brand can be proven to be very successful if they would make it according to the taste of the target customers. instaurationThe company was established in 1856 as stuff retailer it gone through extensive brand extension in two decades through licensing and globalization, it made numerous distributions channels and op erated in numerous countries. Company was purchased by GUS (Shipping Corpora tion) in 1955, it went through global extension in 1970s and before that it went for IPO (Initial humans offering) of the shares. In 1990s company got lesser control on the licensing and distribution channels and they went into extensive brand line extension decisions which had a negative push on the companys performance , quality focused was lost and company decided to change its positioning and licensing strategy along with the circumspection. CEO got changed and Rose Marie Bravo took laden of the company and she changed the team and hired those who were fashion oriented and who knew the latest trends, she successfully made the company as one of the premium leading brand once again , She proved to be the best CEO in year 2005. And the company went into numerous strategicalal decisions in her era and this era was considered as the best era for the company. Now the new strategic decision by the company to go through is line extension, brand extension and market extension. Nex t portion of the report deals with the Marketing Mix , analysis of purlieual factors and decisions of companys strategic moves to make it market leader by proper positioning strategy.Marketing MixThis portion of the report deals with the product, pricing placement and distribution strategy of the product.ProductProduct line was very narrow in the beginning they started off with a fabric retail store then they produced a fabric that was breathable fabric they moved into the fabric for uniform of army in world war and this was the basic positive strategic move of the company. They went for diversification the later days they had numerous brands and products. They followed traditions with innovations and tried to follow same patterns.PricingIt was a premium brand and their cost and prices were high but later on with their loose licensing policy and extension thither was in consistency in their prices which made companies icon bad. It was perceived as an ordinary brand. ulterior on management worked on Premium pricing strategy to make its positing and perception better in the market.Placement and distributionCompanys distribution was entirely found on licensing and company owned stores, initially it was following Exclusive distribution strategy, then it moved to extensive distribution strategy which ruined the brand image later on they went for selective distribution strategy and made strong control on licensing and distribution.PromotionIn initial days promotion was the biggest issue company positioned itself as the premium product and advertised by apply the selective media in the beginning. Later on when the company went global it faced more issues in its promotion , media selection was not proper in other companies which ruined the brand image, later with Rose Bravo and its new team more promotional activities were carried out. They hired new photographer, new agency and new media team they launched new campaign and advertised in good magazines. They e ndorsed their products through several means. repute endorsement was one way. They changed Company name and logo to give it a novel effect and made it innovative by changing its packaging.Environmental depth psychologyIt is evaluation of the probable impacts of external and internal forces and conditions and their effect on the survival and growth of the company, so there are numerous factors that affected the companies positioning and branding lets discuss all of the factors in detail along with companies competitive advantage and Unique selling proposition.BCG MatrixAccording to the BCG matrix the product was in psyche mark stage in Asian countries as the market share is low because of bad economic condition, in some countries it was a Cash affright and in UK and US this brand is proved to be Star with the high market share and high growth potential.Porters Five ForcesPorters five forces in this case can evaluate Burberrys position in the market as compared to its competitors, suppliers and customers.Suppliers Bargaining PowerIt was a British based company and it was into production of its own fabric so in its case suppliers big businessman was not the major issue. initially it was not facing any problem and there was consistency in its suppliers and it act in the later years as well. So we can say that in this case Suppliers power was very low.Customers Bargaining PowerCustomers negotiate power was excessively low in this case because the product was standardized and it was a premium brand with premium quality so customer had lesser bargaining power.SubstitutesSubstitutes were the basic threat for the company as there were numerous products in the market that can replace the use of Burberrys products but its breathable cloth was the best one still they had to make their products outclass to combat the threat of substitutes by positioning their product as those which simply have no comparison.RivalryRivalry and contest was strong. Foreign and Local c ompanies were striving for share. Numerous brands were there in the markets which were offering the same products. And pirated products made more problems in Asia and other countries where there are lesser laws on piratingEntrantsThe barriers to entry were very low as any company can jump into the line of fabric as the initial cost is very low but competing with a brand like Burberry was the basic concern for the companies.RivalryIntense competition(High)Competitive AdvantageCompanys competitive advantage was its patterns, styles originality quality, token of royalty, luxury and durability. Company was in the business for more than hundred years and it had gone through many hard times but it tried to acquire its competitive advantage and its originality till the end. The companies motive was to provide functionality along with class,, it tried to meet customer expectations till the present date.PEST AnalysisPolitical environmentPolitical conditions did not have any impact on compa ny standing as the policies of trade are seemingly pro-trade and there is no integrity evidence of political disturbance.Economic environmentEconomic Condition was not very suitable for the company as this era was the era of recession so the company faced many points to take proper strategic decisions. It went thorough public offering and was being acquired by shipping company to sustain the business.Social environmentSocial environment was very good because people were more convenience and fashion oriented and they wanted innovation and stylish fabric which could also serve their functional need.Technological environmentCompany went through numerous technological changes by devising new ways of production of fabrics and efficient plants. wad AnalysisStrength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats we have identified from the case are given to a lower place.StrengthsCompanies basic strength was it standing and its fame people used to trust the brand, it was more than 150 years old brand having extensive product line, its premium quality and trust it built up in years was its strength. Its functional fabric was its excellence.WeaknessesThe weaknesses of the brand are its perception. It was perceived as a conservative brand having old customers and no innovation, its price and distribution inconsistency made more problems. Its image was eroding. Marketing plan and positioning was up-to-the mark.OpportunitiesThey have heritage and strong brand association. They can invent new product lines. They have capital so they can start with new products and can cater the needs of several markets. Global dealing with proper licensing was the biggest opportunity.ThreatsThe biggest threat for the company was the wrong strategic move, company had to compete in the market as many brands were in the selling offering the same products .Corporate Strategy OwnershipCompany had a single retail store in the beginning, then it went through the process of licensing and to Mitsui and Sanyo in Japan, then in went to Public offerings and global stores and distributions through wholesalers and retailers in year 1970, In year 1990 it took extensive licensing which proved to be damaging and later on after the change in management they made this licensing policy very aligned to the company policy. Now the company has 3162 wholesales, 434 departmental stores, 2728 specialty stores and its planning to have market extension in coming decade as well.Target Market and Positioning StrategyInitially they targeted all age groups who belonged to all occupation groups, then with the deterioration of the brand they left with the age group which was above 40 so company took strategic move and became fashion oriented to target the younger segment along with the old age people. Positioning strategy of the product was very good in the initially days , it was positioned as a premium brand and the brand of the adventurous people later on with its extension and weak licensing policies it went through numerous problems. It was endorsed thorough the adventurous people initially then its perception of quality and consistency went bad and later on with the change of management it was positioned as the product of sporty people.Extensive Research and DevelopmentIt is evident from the success of the brand that Burberry has had a very strong Research and Development (RD) in the past. The higher management should ensure that before the launch of a new product in the market the marketing department is fully aware of the market the brand intends to target in point to get the wanted response from the customers. It is very important to keep the image of Burberry as a luxurious brand intact.SuggestionsIn order to address the problems faced by Burberry for launching new products and brand in the market, the company should use the following strategies1. tick Extension StrategyBurberry has now find a leading brand in the market. Burberry should make use of its Brand Name in or der to develop an acceptance for the new and the upcoming products in the market. This would help Burberry to increase the Brand Equity. Burberry being a successful brand carries with it a very strong image with which the Burberry customers are highly associated.Benefits of use Brand Extension StrategyThere are a subdue of benefits attached to using the brand extension strategy which include the following make use of of Burberry as the brand name will help the new products save a lot of time that they would otherwise take to establish in the market.It would help the company to save the expenses of extensive advertising in case of new products.The customers perception of Burberry will help the new product to get easy attention from the subsisting customer base as well as the new customer.Risks associated in Using Brand Extension StrategyAlong with a number of benefits of using the brand extension strategy there are also a number of risks that are to be kept in mind while using thi s strategy. The risks includeA wrong use of the Brand Extension Strategy can affect the Image of Burberry negatively.Poor communication for the promotion of the new product or the brand can harm the Brand Equity of Burberry.2. Stick to the Burberry Check Brand IdentityBurberry should not deviate from the check since it is the brands identity. The Burberry brand is recognise easily due to the check pattern. The customers strongly associate the check with the brand, so if the company decides not to use the check, it might end up in a gradual decrease in the customer base. The customers perception of the brand will get affected and thusly it will destabilize the brand once again.AdvantagesThe use of Burberry check in the upcoming and new product has certain advantages which include the followingCustomers association with the brand.Easy recognition of the brand will help the new products to gain popularity in lesser time.The image that Burberry has carried over the years will automati cally be transferred to the new brand.DisadvantagesThe target market will remain the same.3. Use Social Media MarketingSocial media is one of the strongest platforms for marketing now days. It has now become the hottest trend. The brands with an online existence are much popular than the ones without an online standing. Burberry should make use of the hearty media platform for promoting its brand. This will help the brand toHave an easy access to its target market. Since the target market of Burberry is the upper class, hence the best way to strain them is through social media.Through social media Burberry create the image that other forms of marketing strategies cant do.The social media platforms that Burberry should use include the followingFacebookFacebook is one of the virtually used social media sites with over 300 million daily users from all over the world. The fastest growing age bracket of the Facebook users includes youth and the Facebook fan scalawag should be created which should be properly monitored. The main objective of this campaign should be to get positive maximum exposure, increase fans on official fan scallywag and ultimately make people come to the landing knaves, for ensuring a sales conversion. To make this strategy successfully, Burberry should hire an agency to manage the fan page and hence keep it active throughFacebook ActivitiesA use team should be deputed to Burberry Fan Page which should be responsible of all the fan page tie in activities. An effort should be put to convert fans into potential leads and eventually customers.a) Fan Page CreationThe company should create a Facebook fan page and make in fans to create a community for Burberry serving as a platform to spread out the message to all the fans.b) Fan Page PromotionBurberry can have access to more than 200million fans over Facebook which can bring in maximum users and Burberry engage them through various activities.c) Status UpdatesA dedicated resource should be assigned to the page for the status updates on Fan Page. Statuses can be aroundThe latest offersSocial events conducted by BurberryFan page activities like competitions etc.d) Content DisseminationContent on behalf of Burberry should be disseminated on fan page. More interesting the content is, more chances are there that a user/fan will share it on his/her own wall which then can be viewed by their friends which leaves a viral effect.e) Competitions and pollCompetitions should be run on behalf of Burberry to engage maximum traffic on Facebook and Burberry giveaways should be given based to the winners from those competitions. This technique creates a trust among all the fans and helps enable the users to interact more.f) Face Book AdvertisementsAds with a potential of high CTR (Click through Rate) should be displayed on Facebook, to attract relevant audiences on the page and increase the number of fans. This will not only help in increasing fans, but will also give the brand neede d exposure.chirrup Channelchirrup is the new trend in the social media wave and gives a more personalized look to the social campaign. In this we will be creating a chitter account by the name of the designer through whichBurberry should be tweeting on Fashion happenings through TwitterSharing Launch DatesProvide collection flesh outPublic Relation Activities CoverageShows should also be promoted through TwitterYouTube ChannelA You tube channel integrated with face book, should be created, which should be used to launch and make the videos viral. In this Burberry should upload the videos of various events and shows. Some other high level activities in this category are as belowVideos of Fashion shows to be uploaded.This channel should be linked with both Facebook and Twitter.Launches and Exhibitions coverage should be uploaded.ConclusionAlthough Burberry has a strong standing in the market but it needs to focus on the modern ways of marketing to main its position and keep its imag e as a luxurious brand intact. The marketing strategies that Burberry should be using to remain in the market would be the brand extension strategy and the creation of an online presence through different media that would include Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and YouTube. The competition nowadays have become a major hurdle in the growth of any brand so, in order to give tough time to its competitors Burberry should increase its research and development and should bring in innovation by introducing new products and extending the existing product lines

Legal And Ethical Issues In Mental Health Nursing Essay

Legal And Ethical Issues In intellectual Health Nursing tryThis assignment aims to critic all in ally appraise an honest conflict in relation to the c atomic number 18 provided to a patient. It will explore how honest decisions are reached and how they shadow at present influence patient care. To achieve this aim the author will examine a font interpret of a patient whose care he was conf utilize with whilst in placement.We will look at how, after an episode of self- suffering, the patient withstandd both haleness check come up toment for the breach and how this posed an ethical dilemma for the treat staff involved in their care. Using the application of the Mental Capacity mould (MCA) (Great Britain (GB) 2005) and an established model for ethical decision do, we will look at how the decision of whether or not to enforce treatment for the wound was formulated and implemented.Ethics can be gainn as the study of human conduct and religion (Buka 2008). It is about p eople reasoning, thinking and applying a process of reflection (Adshead 2010) however these people may ready opposing views, values and experiences on which to base their example judgements to define what is the make up and wrong course of action (Hendrick 2009) and the principles used to decide this, not only by the individual notwithstanding also inside neighborly groups and societies. (Adshead 2010). From this we can surmise that ethics is a complex system of reflective thinking, which is used in the search for a standard that can be used to judge your get actions, or the actions of others, within your testify moral code.The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) stipulates that nurses must respect a patients right to confidentiality at all clock and ensure that the patient is informed about how info concerning them is shared. In accordance with this the name of the patient has been changed and permission has been sought from the patient to use them in the subject stud y.Case Study.Anitas story.Anita is a young woman with a primary diagnosis of emotionally unstable character disorder borderline type as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO 2010). During a one-to-one therapeutic session Anita disclosed that she was having strong urges to self-harm. As much(prenominal) the therapeutic session severe on exploring her feelings surrounding her impulses, alternative coping mechanisms to manage her thoughts of self-harm and strategies to help maintain her safetyty upon the ward.As she felt that the pressure of creation constantly watched would unsettle her further, hence not allow foring her to manage her own feelings, it was initially agreed to place Anita on intermittent observation (as opposed to constant) within the scope of the policy on safe and supportive observations of the service that was caring for her (Oxford Health 2010). This approach was agreed in collaboration with Anita and the wider group as a way of her taking responsib ility for her own decisions and actions.Later in the shift Anita approached staff and stated that she had overwhelming urges to self-harm and that she had acted upon them. She was taken to the clinic room where the wound could be cleaned and assessed. Anita presented with a laceration to the inside of her thigh which was deep equal to expose the adipose tissue beneath, however was not deemed by the medical staff to be life threatening.Staff explained to Anita that the wound was deep enough to exact stitching although not life threatening and advised her that she would need to attend the minor injuries unit of the local general hospital for judgment of the wound. At this quantify Anita, due to her mental state, could not fully appreciate the record of the wound and felt that she needed to punish herself further by refusing treatment. The nurses on duty cleaned and bind the wound and allowed Anita time to consider the implications of her decision further. When Anita had calmed t he nurse had a reciprocation surrounding the implications of not having the wound sutured such as infection, Anitas possible need to contend the wound in the future and pain in the neck relief issues, However Anita maintained her decision not to have the wound sutured.Following a wider team discussion around whether Anita understood the severity of the wound, thus having cap capacity to make a decision to refuse treatment, the Responsible Clinician (RC) spoke to Anita and attempted to persuade her to have the wound sutured. As Anita was still refusing to have the wound sutured the RC decided that an assessment would need to be carried out to ascertain whether Anita had the capacity to decide to refuse treatment. Upon completion of the assessment it was decided that Anita did have capacity to make decisions surrounding treatment at that time, within the framework of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005). This decision was reached due to Anita being able to understand the information being given to her, being able to retain the information and weigh it up to make a decision to refuse treatment.Although this appeared to be an unwise decision, which felt uncomfortable to the team, it was agreed to monitor the wound, keep it clean and dry and continue to talk to Anita about her thoughts and feelings surrounding getting medical treatment for the wound. This collaborative approach allowed Anita opportunities to explore her emotions, thoughts and feelings and promote her self-reliance whilst still allowing her to decide to have the wound sutured should she change her mind.The main legal and ethical dilemmas that can be extracted from this case study are whether the Anitas capacity to make decisions about her treatment should be overridden by use of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005) and whether Anitas aptitude to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses debt instrument towards benevolence.The Legal Dilemma. Mental Capacity.What legal dilemma can be hypothesised as underpinning the decision making process of the mental health professionals in this case? Anita initially made her decision to refuse treatment shortly after self-harming. Self-harm has been strongly associated with borderline personality disorder (Motz 2008) where thoughts of self-loathing and self-punishment are common precipitators the act of self harm can be seen as a symptom of internal turmoil, an expression of internal pain or as controlling factor to maintain a level of care (Grocutt 2009). This may indicate that Anita was under a great deal of trouble at the time, which could have affected her capacity to make sound decisions however her later decision of continuing to refuse treatment was based on her own morals and values towards her body that may have included these thoughts of self-loathing and the need to be punished. Although a person, under part four of the Mental Health Act (GB 2007) can be treated for mental disorder without their assent, it is important to note that a physical problem can only be treated without consent should the person lacks capacity or treatment is deemed to be in their best interests under the auspice of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2007, MIND 2009).To help determine whether Anita has capacity, The Mental Capacity Act (2005) sets out a two stage functional approach. Firstly the practitioner needs to ascertain whether the person being assessed has some straighten out of disturbance of the mind and, if such a disturbance exists then it must affect their ability to make decisions when they need to (Department of Constitutional Affairs (DoCA) 200745). If this is not the case then the person cannot be seen as lacking capacity under the Act (GB 2005, DoCA 2007). In considering whether Anita needed to make the decision around treatment, we can see that, as the wound was not life threatening, it was decided to allow her time to settle and re-approach the question of treatment. The Mental Capacit y Act (GB 2005) is clear in expressing that capacity is time and decision specific. In deciding that the decision could be made at a later time not only complies with the Act but also promotes Anitas autonomy. As the wound could be safely managed in the short term upon the ward the decision to allow Anita time to weigh up the information was the correct one to make.Conflicting ethical principles and dilemmasLakeman (2009) points out that an ethical dilemma occurs when there are a multitude of alternative courses of action to deal with a particular situation. Conflicting moral principles may create difficult ethical dilemmas for nurses by having to contravene one moral obligation to uphold another (Beauchamp Childress 2009). Anitas ability to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses obligation towards beneficence. However this may not feel entirely comfortable for the nurse. In mental health nursing, autonomy is sometimes overridden in the interests of promoting the principle of beneficence (Lakeman 2009). Which can make the nurses ethical dilemma difficult to manage due to balancing the two logical ethical principles of autonomy (respecting and supporting decisions making) and beneficence (relieving or minimising harm in the best interest of the patient) (Hendrick 2004, Beauchamp Childress 2009). To answer the question we need to examine how the dilemma sits within an ethical theory and the principles that apply.Beauchamp and Childress (2009) devised four basic moral principles which function as guidelines for professional ethical decision making. The principles of autonomy (freedom to act on your own belief), Nonmaleficence (obligation to stave off doing harm), Beneficence (providing expediencys and help) and Justice (fair distribution of benefits, risk and cost) which are derived from a duty based theory of Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) (Beauchamp Childress 2009). teaching 1 Autonomy.Respect for autonomy flows from the reco gnition that all persons have unconditional worth, each having the capacity to determine his or her own moral destiny. To violate a persons autonomy is to treat that person merely as a means that is, in accordance with others goals without regard to the persons own goals.Beauchamp Childress (2009 103) after KantAutonomy is the freedom and ability to act in a self persistent manner (Butts Rich 2008 42) and the right of a rational person to achieve personal decisions without any outside interference. Therefore the principle of respecting autonomy concerns the nurses acknowledgement of, and obligation in respecting, Anitas decision over her own life.It may be that Anita is already feeling a loss of autonomy or disempowerment by the very nature of being a patient upon a secure ward and being under the Mental Health Act (GB 2007) and the restriction of her basic autonomous decisions such as when to eat, sleep or who she resides with. Therefore it may need to be considered whether Anit as is refusal of treatment is something that she feels in control of, thus a way in which she feels empowered.Principle 2 Beneficence.Morality requires not only that we treat persons autonomously and refrain from harming them, but also that we contribute to their welfare and is therefore a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. These beneficial actions fall under the heading of beneficence.Beauchamp and Childress (2009 197)Beneficence can be seen as actions to benefit and promote the welfare of others (Butts Rich 2008). All actions that are performed by nurses can be regarded as having a moral dimension, most of which are for the benefit of the patient (Edwards 2009).The NMC Code of Professional Conduct is clear in stating that nurses have an obligation to both protect and promote the health and wellbeing of patients as their primary consideration (NMC 20082) and this is no different for mental health nurses working with patients who self-harm. This pedagogy clearly in corporates the principle of beneficence and shows that the nurses in the case study are considering whether Anita should have medical treatment for the wound enforced upon her due to the principle of beneficence as described due to the worries of the wound becoming infected if not sutured.The dilemma.When nurses experience the ethical dilemma of having to enforce treatment irrespective of a patients right to autonomy, they can be seen as working in a paternalistic manner (Butts Rich 2008). In Anitas case, the nurses worry, that the consequences of the wound becoming infected, is driving their desire to treat the wound irrespective of Anitas wishes. However, although the actions on behalf of nurses is clearly driven by obligations towards beneficence, nurses need to weigh up the harms and benefits of enforcing treatment before acting in such a way as to produce the best outcome for Anita (Edwards 2009). A paternalistic approach is frequently used to infringe upon a persons right to autonomy. This infringement is support by the principle of beneficence, which is the argument frequently used to impose treatment on patients whether they want it or not (Buka 2008 29).Should the decision to treat Anita for her self harm regardless of her wishes have gone ahead, there may have been a risk of impacting on the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. This relationship is built upon trust as well as purposeful and effective communication (Buka 2008) and is considered to be the cornerstone of nursing care (Lakeman 2009, Pryjmachuk 2011).Therefore the nurses would need to consider future risk as part of the ethical decision making process. Enforcing treatment on Anita may produce barriers to the therapeutic relationship such as difficulties in trusting the nurse in the future, insularity from therapeutic communication, opposition and rejection of future treatment, increased self harming behaviours due to the trauma and hostility towards others (Kettles et al 2007, Byrt 2 010), all of which may stop Anita from telling the nursing team when she self-harms in future episodes of distress. This raises the principle of Nonmaleficence (doing no harm), in this instance to the therapeutic relationship, wellbeing and care of Anita.The decision to manage the wound on the ward and allow Anita time to calm and consider her options is, in the authors opinion, the correct course of action to take. As the wound was neither life threatening or of such a degree that it could not be safety managed upon the ward enabled the staff to consider the possibility of enabling Anita to make an autonomous choice. In considering Anitas wishes and agreeing a management political program to care for the wound incorporates both principles of Anitas autonomy and the nurses obligation towards beneficence.Beneficence could be interpreted to incorporate the patients autonomous choice as the best interests of the patient are intimately linked with their preferences from which are deri ved our primary duties towards them (Beauchamp Childress 2009207). If the nurses obligation to act beneficently is informed by the patients choices and preferences, then the respect for the patients autonomy will ultimately override any paternalistic actions on the part of the nurse (Beauchamp Childress 2009). This would not only encourage a supportive nurse-patient relationship but also provides care that is holistic, develops Anitas confidence in being able to negotiate her care and allows her to take greater personal responsibility, This in turn will promote empowerment and hope which will remediate the potential for recovery and discourage overly oppressive practices.The practice of paternalism is now generally discouraged in health care (Butts Rich 2008) and is considered unjustifiable in cases where the patient has capacity to make a decision (Edwards 2009, Beauchamp Childress 2009).Conclusion.Every decision that a nurse makes concerning the care of a patient needs to be considered from an ethical base. Any decision made from this ethical viewpoint has a higher probability of producing the best outcome under any given circumstance.The conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence that have been presented within this case study would both be ethically and morally correct courses of action to take. From this we can surmise that a morally correct course of action may involve two opposing principles being applicable in any one situation.A large counterpoise of moral and ethical dilemmas that are faced by nurses stem from the conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence. However, the nurses ability to critically appraise risks and benefits will help them to make decisions that are beneficial to the patient involved. In encouraging autonomy for Anita involves taking risks on the part of the nurses which may go against their principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. However with collaborative working practices this case study has shown tha t solutions can be found in even the most complicated of nursing dilemmas.Word Count 2733.

Christmas as a Federal Holiday Essay -- Religion Holidays

The most collectively celebrated holiday of the year is undeniably December 25th, Christmas. Most people acknowledge that the Christ in Christmas is vocalization of Jesus Christ, Son of God, and for Christians, the day is set aside as a celebration of his birth. Many people in the United States (and world) however, either do not believe in the Christian view of Christmas, have different non-Christian religious beliefs or celebrate for other reasons, if at all. Because of the multi-cultural differences that incorporate our country, Christmas should be declared by Congress as simply a Federal Holiday. This would be achieved if the dominant Christ aspect from Christ-mas was removed by renaming the holiday to The Winter Holiday, which is to a greater extent inclusive to all cultures.The United States is comprised of a very diverse group of people with different beliefs and celebrations in winter including Hanukkah celebrated by Jews, Ramadan celebrated by Islams, Kwanzaa celebratin g African culture, Bodhi Day celebrated by Buddhists, Diwali celebrated by Hindus, and Christmas celebrated by Christians. Also, there are the secular celebrations of Christmas, those traditions not specifically or overtly religious, celebrated by atheists, many other non-religious people as well as incorporated into most Christian celebrations. According to the Pew Forum, 4.7% of the nation is a religion other than Christian and 16.1% claim unaffiliated (U.S. Religious Landscape). Between the 1990s and 2008, the number of Christians dropped from 86.2% to 76% and the number of non-theists almost doubled in the same time frame (American Religious Identification). In most ways, Christmas is no longer a religious holiday and should reflect all ... ...ous beliefs peace on earth, goodwill toward all.Works CitedAmerican Religious Identification Survey. N.p., Mar. 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. .Mount, Steve. Jeffersons Wall of Separation Letter. US Constitution Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. .Thomas Jefferson Life conversancy Our Sacred Honor. Ken Burns American Stories. PBS. KQED, n.p., 28 Oct. 2002. Television.U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. N.p. n.p., n.d. N. pag. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. .The White House. N.p., 6 Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

Racism :: English Literature

RacismRacism, the belief that race accounts for differences in humancharacter or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. either across the world racial favoritism has been a heartrending problem.In Africa 80% of the population is black and the 20% that are etiolatedhave each the power, is it not true that all men are created equal?Three stories Afrika Road, The Prisoner who Wore Glasses, and Whydont you Carve Other Animals, tell about Africa and how racialdiscrimination is a big problem. A more dramatic story is the movieThe Power of One about an English boy growing up in Africa and hisstruggles. In these ill-judged stories and in the movie racial conflictsare evident in the form of egg innocence against white, white against black,and black against black.Not all white people believed that they were superior to the blacks,this concept made the racist whites turn against other whites. In themovie, PK, the main character, suffers ordeals which no one shouldever have to go through with(predicate) simply because he is English. At his boardingschool the other kids do not like his presence and they make sure heknows it. Another white kid spits in PKs face and even takes it asfar as peeing on him in the bathroom. Sadly enough those werent eventhe more serious of the acts of hate shown in the movie. PK gets hungup by his feet and stoned with a slingshot, all this because he isEnglish. In The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses, the only real instance ofwhite against white was when the guard took the prisoners side. Eventhough he was forced too, the guard took the prisoners side andtreated them as equals, going completely against what the other guardsbelieved was right. Other than that there werent umteen instances ofwhite against white discrimination in the stories, they were mainlyabout the conflicts between blacks and whites.Racial conflict between blacks and whites is definitely expressed morein the short stories than in the movie. In Afrika Road, it is said howeven though 80% of the population is black, the white people stillhave the power. This idea is also expressed metaphorically in WhyDont You Carve Other Animals? When it says The elephant has ruledthe forest for a long time, he is older than the forest, but thegiraffe extends his neck and struts above the trees, as though theforest belonged to him. He eats the topmost leaves, while the elephantspends the day rolling the mud. Do you not find it interesting?