Kmarts Downfall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kmarts Downfall - Essay ExampleThe competition model established by porters beer is an analytical tool for studying industry behavior and corporate strategies. It is derived from industrial organization economics and includes basketball team forces. These forces, in turn, determine the level of competition, and thus that profitability of a market. These five forces comprise of substitutes, competitors, new get in firms, bargaining power of suppliers and customers.The facts of this case study reveal that Kmart was facing intense competition from Wal-mart and Target. Wal-Mart initiated the movement of all day low prices, which was a more worthy substitute for products in Kmart. In addition, Wal-Mart utilized learning technology to keep a record of sales in all of their lines and for ordering stocks of fast moving items. Wal-mart heavily invested in information technology by installing new registers with barcode scanners in every store during the 1970s and early 1980s, which fed the sales data into the back-end computers. This information, in turn, assisted them in planning approaching strategies, deciding which products reap more profit. Thus, they gained a competitive advantage. By 1983, Wal-Mart was able to receive goods for only devil cents whereas Kmart had to pay five cents per dollar for getting goods to stores. This meant that Wal-Mart was in a position to sell products at a price three percent lesser in contrast to Kmart. Then, another competitor Target began a new campaign in which they depicted themselves as a low-cost source of quality and flare mart. They focused on merchandising. These attractive schemes took away Kmarts market share. This demonstrates that Kmart was under intense pressure of substitutes, competitors, and garbled customers.In 1987, Kmart undertook investments worth 1 million to modernize their systems.

Under Armour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Under armor - Essay ExampleThe fact that Under armour has fewer retail stores it means that it has fewer powerful buyers who can often dictate monetary value. In terms of competitive rivalry, the two companies do not pose a serious menace since Under Armour itself offers unique products. However, all the competitors have allocated a sizeable budget on research, meaning that they are likely to offer undifferentiated products and services that may reduce attractiveness of Under Armour. Under Armour doesnt pose the threat of innovative entry since the other two corporations have the advantage of the economies of scale, and considering their budgetary allocations on marketing, Under Armour is less likely to capitalize on the threat of substitution.Under Armour has a major strength of manufacturing the most unique brand in the market. However, the weakness of fewer retail stores and the threat posed by other corporations like Nike and Adidas Group gives it a lesser advantage in the m arket. widen the companys product offering to all athletes and increasing its sale, designing kits that can be timid under different weather conditions, marketing and product promotion (Thomson, 2012).All the three companies are act in sponsorships and endorsements for product promotion and marketing. They have also allocated sizeable amounts of resources on research and development of new products. On one hand, Under Armour has the advantage of its unique products in the market, and on the other hand, it has a disadvantage of unfavorable competition in terms of capital against the other two.He needs to speak the issue of the growing number of individual items produced, uncertainties surrounding consumer demand that affects accurate projections of items to order (Thomson, 2012), and how to acquire the king of beastss share of the market.Carrying out proper survey in

Financial strength and developments of Lonmin Plc Essay

financial strength and developments of Lonmin Plc - Essay ExampleHeadquartered in Britain, Lonmin Plcs selling is extended worldwide and the clubs flagship possessions is located in Marikana mine in South Africa. It has its effective operations in Canada and the group has inwardness employees over 28,276 (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). The business also has joint ventures with Vakle and Walbridge. The company searches for PGM mineralization in Ontario and Northern Ireland project which is an sign stage exploration opportunity for the company (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). 1.3. Turnover of Lonmin PlcAs indicated from Lonmin Plcs annual report, the per year turnover produced by the business in the year 2014 is observed to be 582.4 billion (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). The revenue of the company is observed to be decreasing over the past five years as the in operation(p) expense of the company is increasing. The platinum sales of the group accounted for 701,831 ounces an d for PGM sales it was 1,383,945 ounces. Asset turnover of Lonmin Plc is found to be $4,384.5 Million which deceased over the past five years (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). The consensus forecast amongst 20 polled investments analysts who covers the company advised the investors to grip their position in the group. The forecasts of the analysts indicate that the company in the near future is expect to outperform the market. Lonmin Plc is listed in the London stock exchange and Johannesburg stock exchange and has been observed to major shares in the market.

The Columbian Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Columbian Exchange - hear ExampleIt is n one and only(a)d that the fish were very expensive and so this factor did not give everyone the means to get the species. Apart from being expensive, the Spanish, who by then were the most interested people to get the fish, did not like the fact that the fish came from Jews and Muslims. It seems then that there was a sense of rejection between the two communities with the Spanish.Since the Spanish wanted to be connected with the species, the only option was to look somewhere else where the same kinds of species could be rear (Wilford, pg78). The immediate alternative was the indie, and so they planned their way to that destination, and capital of Ohio being the torchbearer. First, before gearing up to the land where they could get the longed for species, Columbus was to get permission from both the Queen and the King (Mann, pg25). Columbus did not succeed in getting the permission to invade the land from the two on the first request, t hough he kept persisting until the ninth time, when he was given the go ahead. With the small ships he got from the authority, Columbus knew the dream has come true and so he sailed to the Indie in the year 1492. The whole miss hard challenges, as according to the records, he made four trips to the Southern America and Caribbean (Mann, pg11).On October 11 in the year 1492, Columbus landed the Caribbean Islands and there he landed capturing the local Taino Indians and later transaction them as slaves. The above marked the first trip. The second one was much bigger and took place one year later after the first visit. Still hoping to get Indians and trade with as slaves as salubrious as hoping to loot gold, he persisted in his journey and invasions.Notably, 1498 was the year that marked the third expedition of the Columbus. He is acknowledged to be the first European to set his foot on the American Mainland. According to scholars, it is deserving noting that the above three dynamic s portended future trends. Columbus had no

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

unified Governance - Es read Example such an argument is do with specific reference to the role that companies stand for in the social and economic lives of the society at large. The institution of lodges is also debatable at governmental take as per the political powers they may exercise and the world wide reach of the business in the globalized economy. Governments are taking keen interest in the governance matter of the companies not only to unspoiled the national economy and shareholders rights but also to protect the global share of the country in the internationalistic markets. On the other hand, the finance providers including the individuals, banks, financial institutions and governments (in their role as investor) seek guarantee that their resources are be utilized in an efficient manner and create sufficient profits for them. This guarantee or office leads to the necessity of practised corporate governance in place. In other words we can say that good corporate g overnance leads to increased shareholder trust and attracts potential investors due to the assurance that their resources provide be secured (Macey 2008). Corporate governance can be defined in a number of ways. ... The main(prenominal) idea is the governance of corporations with an aim to increase officeholder trust and confidence in the companys operations, strategies, outputs and practices. Such a system of running businesses lead to the compliance with legal, constructive and social obligations which further enhances the credibility of the corporation in terms of gaining trust and assurance of the stakeholders (Monks & Minow 2004 Ali & Gregoriou 2006). Economic Reasons The corporations are governed by the directors through the managers and lower level staff, however, shareholders holds the directors accountable for the matters concerning the businesses. Corporate governance should be a matter of shareholders as their investments are at stake with the businesss reputation, ope rations and governance. Shareholders need an assurance of the security of their shareholdings. The returns that the business generates are eventually distributed among the shareholders. The governance of a corporation, hence, is of immense importance to the shareholders in terms of the economic benefits it may bring. Alternatively, any inappropriate movement or decision taken by the directors held them accountable to the shareholders. Friedman (1962) suggests that the shareholder theory claims that corporation decisions should be made to enhance the value of shares to increase returns for the shareholders. Further, the agency relationship that exists between shareholders and directors may form the basis of good corporate governance practices, whereby, directors act as agents to the shareholders. In other words, the corporate governance codes and practices, as per the

Sources of Law in the European Union Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sources of Law in the European marriage ceremony - Thesis Examplee European Union, particularly the Council of Ministers, the Commission, the European Parliament, and Court of Justice, can be studied in terms of their decision-making processes, which argon governed by well laid lawfulnesss and guidelines. This paper seeks to highlight the sources of EU laws and their integration to guide the unions objectives.The sources of European Union law are crucial elements to encourage cohesion and equality among particle states. As such, laws are pooled from within member states and presented in a accord manner to govern the proceeding of the organization. The law is applied in courts within members as well as in territories held by the states and such they should be maintain the integrity of member states. The key sources of law are treaties, which are regarded as primary sources while legislation enacted by union organs by righteousness of the powers given by member states is termed a s secondary community law (Foster, 2007).Primary sources of the EU law are defined by the founding treaties stated as the Treaty on the European Union and the Treaty on the functioning of the EU thus illustrating their dominance as reference. To this effect, the primary sources top the pecking order of sources of EU law and their supremacy indicate that other sources remain subordinate. This superiority is strengthened by the suppression of any revision on the treaties outside the set procedures of the treaties themselves (Kaczorowska, 2009). The treaties are aimed at dispensing competences between the organization and member states, which establish the powers assumed by institutions within the EU structure. In essence, the treaties serve to lay out the ratified framework on which the unions mandate is implemented moreover, primary law also incorporates amend EU treaties and protocols annexed to the founding treaties as well as the amended treaties. For instance, amendments to th e EU treaties were signed to establish an inseparable market within the union in 1986. In

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management - Research Paper ExampleAs the world has entered the twenty first century, it has contractd revolutionary changes in many facets of business community. The advancements have not only come under experience in the economic, political, and social sectors but they have trans solveed and modernized the Industrial sector as well. With the addition in globalization, the business and makeups are emerging on a central platform and universal cunning and businesses are expanding their operations to international markets. With the Industrial boom, organizations and enterprises are expanding their business operations as with the increase in world population, the demand for goods and services is escalating, and therefore, in coordinate to meet the customer requirements and to gain a militant edge over competitors, companies are rising (Brunsson, 2008). Whether a small organization or a hulk corporation, management is one of the primary, foremost and the most signifi groundworkt as pect that every organization needs. The management refers to a practice or a course of action that involves successful, valuable, proficient, and competent accomplishment of set of actions and tasks via dealing with other(a) raft. Management is a process that makes the maximum use of the tangible assets through integrating couple of people or employees collectively under one umbrella in order to achieve and attain the organizations aims, targets, missions and visions (Brunsson, 2008). The top person of the management requires a lot of devotion, commitment, determination, and hard work in order to thrive and be successful and achieve the desired outputs and results. In order to become the best or the cream of the crop, an individual should possess, widen, extend and increase their management and cross-functional leadership abilities. The primary and principal factors for any handler or an organization are to identify and evaluate the SWOT analysis that represents the strengths, we aknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is vital to reveal the strengths that a person or organization possess, and enhance and refine them up. In addition, the weaknesses should come under recognition by the person or the organization so that with the help of different techniques the weakness can overcome. Organizations must elbow grease to convert the weaknesses into opportunities so that they can surmount their weaknesses and can have opportunities to grow themselves. Lastly, the threats that they have from their competitors present in the market should come under observation intimately and thoroughly. A successful leader develops all the attributes and elements of leadership, communication, conceptual, interpersonal, and skilful abilities and proficiencies (Brunsson, 2008). Management is a theory and process that comes under practice by all institutions whether they are educational, business, or governmental and every individual being a student plays an important role in the structure and progress of organizations like school and management. Management Functions Management encompasses several functions with it that includes planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating/communicating, controlling/monitoring, and budgeting. Planning is the stepping-stone in any management aspect on which the functions of management come under establishment and creation. Planning can come under implementation for any organization in order to accomplish and achieve the callers mission, vision, targets and aims that the organization sets for them to flourish and generate revenues. Planning come under performance in the form of developing strategies and methods that the employee practices towards the achievement of organization

Dissemination evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dissemination evidence - Essay ExampleConsequently, it impart contain elaborately detailed nursing experience and nursing workplace value, concise topic and audience as swell as definite publishers (Logsdon, Eckert, Beck & Dennis, 2012).Elaborately simple guidelines of the use of screening tools which volition be presented in laminated posters pass on ensure that mother, the key stakeholder, are proficient in the identification of symptoms of postnatal depression (Logsdon, Eckert, Beck & Dennis, 2012). The communication surrounded by mothers and nurses will play a substantial role in enhancing the noesis adoption by mothers as the nurses will elaborate on the precise use of the various tools of screening PPD to the mothers.The knowledge presented from the research will be communicated to the larger nursing community through two channel. First, there will be a publication of the knowledge gathered by the research in a single publication which will be published at the American Nurses Association. This will enhance the access to this knowledge by nurses and so advancing its benefit to the nursing community. Secondly, quality improvement articles will be useful to communicate effectively to specific nurses in different geographic locations which have different culture that need specialized knowledge and skill in order to identify symptoms of postpartum depression in them. In common, these two channels of communication will contain the key measures and strategies for improvement of efficacy of archaean detection and intervention of postpartum depression (Logsdon, Eckert, Beck & Dennis, 2012). In addition, they will present the impacts of the change and next steps planned to overcome the barriers to early detection and intervention of postpartum depression.Logsdon, M. C., Tomasulo, R., Eckert, D., Beck, C., & Dennis, C. L. (July/August, 2012). Identification of mothers at risk for postpartum depression by hospital-based perinatal nurses. Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 37,

Corporate Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Ethics - Essay ExampleAlso I have personally intercommunicate to some of the employees to understand and identify the key aras. Add to that some research more or less the history of the accompany has to a fault been done. Based on the meeting the following areas requiring change has been identified. Identifying the Areas requiring change HR functioning is a very much amount of money and specialized area. But the HR functions of the organization is scattered among individuals. This consists of some employees be to the administrative position smell after paper works and a management police squad looking after HR issues. There we need to achieve centralization. During the meeting and the one on one parley it was identified there is scope to improve the morale of the employees. Some of the employees were a bit unsure about their job description. This is something that needs to be changed. One the major problems faced by the organization has been relatively advanced at trition rate (Goswami, 2010). Probable Action Plan In order to have a richly functional centralized HE de naval divisionment, we need to hire some HR decision makers to look after the core areas such as recruitment, payroll processing, performance management, etc. Also these executives act as a have-to doe with point to various departments. The employees looking after the admin work can also be a part of the HR department forming HR and admin division. We must make sure that diminutive Job descriptions are wide-awake across the all departments. The HR manager should entrust the responsibility to the executives looking after different departments. The executive should carry out a job interview for specific job holders to prepare a detailed and appropriate job description. Along with job description the employees should be provided the KRA or key result areas, so that the employees can understand the parameters based on which they can be judged. The organization must have a prope r performance management system. This will not only help the employees identify strengths and areas of development, but also help the employees to understand how they could contribute towards the success of the organization in future. One the major problems faced by the organization has been attrition. Therefore to diagnose the problem we should ensure that there is a structured salary, development and realisation system. It should be made clear to the employees that the increments would be performed based on the findings of the performance management system. Also to inspire the employees there would be existence of reward and recognition system. This would include both monetary as healthy as non monetary rewards. During the meeting with the employees and managers, some key players should be identified. Those employees could be granted Employee Stock extract Plan (ESOP). During the meeting with the employees we found out that there is a need for training, especially for the peo ple who are at constant touch with the customers. For, example customer services reps and sales & marketing professionals. Hence, the corporate team may identify a relevant training partner to impart training. The training could be provided in small pilot batches. Elements of Diagnosis Plan Probable Results Proper JD and KRA Better understanding of roles and responsibilities Proper internal communication Credibility and Trust Well Designed Performance Management System Helps the employees to identify strengths and weaknesses Salary, increment and recognition system Acts a motivating factor ESOP Retention of key players Training and

Modernism Visual Comical Strips Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

contemporaneousness Visual Comical Strips - Research Paper ExampleThe essay Modernism Visual Comical Strips discovers contemporaneity and visual comical strips. The modernism arts focuse on freedom and individuality as tell apart from Pablo Picassos art works. Modernism art, therefore, saw the emergence of some modern media especially photography consequently it emerged during the eras of history of photography and this explains why history records the photographers of 19th century. Modernism also marked the beginning of the new art forms like animation, assemblage, cinematography and even the avant-garde art, including the earliest conceptual art forms and the same path was used on comic strips as the same themes are portrayed in the modernism cartoons and early(a) visual comedy. Style and setting of modernism comical strips used backgrounds that showed how the society evolved to become civilized. In close modernism comedies, the artists used black and white backgrounds to s how an evolving society unlike the postmodernist artists that have used technology to affect the backgrounds to the desired colors. On the other hand, most of the modernism comedies centered on state of war and how servants served their masters. Moreover, modernism visual comedy shows the activities of social organization, architecture, and economic situations in the modernist era that become outdated as industrial revolution took over the world. Post modernism art came about after the emergence of modernism arts and as such, contradicted the aspects of the modernism art. Post modernism in visual art includes general aspects.

Written Report on SYRIA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Written promulgate on SYRIA - Research Paper ExampleBashar al- Assad is the professorship of Syria at present who has been enthr stard after the death of his father Hafiz al- Assad. The Syrian Economy which is based mainly on the petroleum and agriculture sectors experienced a growth of 2.4% estimated in the year 2008 and these sectors together constitute one half of the Gross Domestic Product of the state. An increase in the production of the oil dissolving agented from the shooting wrong of crude oil has contributed much to the contrary receipts of Syria (Central Intelligence Agency, p.657). Ease of doing condescension in Syria The governments of Syria were load-bearing(a) the public sector for decades and the private sector too is given importance during the last few eld as a result of the rethinking from the government side, realizing the necessity to boost private sector for the growth of the coarse domestic product and to reduce the unemployment rate of the state. Syri a was ranked at 143 in the Ease of doing Business Report for the year 2010 by the World Bank which placed Syria behind all its neighboring countries. In traffic with saying permits and in starting a new business, the country was given 132nd and 133rd positions respectively. These figures indicate the difficulties faced by the private sector of Syria. The rising apostrophizes and the number of procedures involved in the process of issuing construction permits could be seen as the reasons behind this low ranking status. The report gives a clear cut head regarding the tedious process of obtaining a construction permit which involves 26 procedures takes the duration of 128 days and requires spending 540.3 % of per capita income. only a down fall is observable in the case of the number of procedures and the required spending when compared with the statistics of 2006 whereas the cost required was 697% of the per capita income for the attainment of construction permits (Oxford Busines s Group, 2010, p.117). In the past few years Damascus, the capital has witnessed a number of frugal reforms like opening private banks, reducing lending interest rates, raising prices of authentic subsidized items and consolidating exchange rates (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009, p.657). Even though the government has acknowledged that it has carried out a number of reforms in the economy, sufficient legal regulations are expected by the investors in order to tug transparent and effective partnership from the government side and it is true that there is still scope for advantage (Oxford Business Group, 2010, p.117). Foreign business in Syria The trade liberalization and new exchange rate policies ask contributed much to the entry of Syria in to the global market and at the same time the state is big emphasis on the domestic economy in order to promote domestic investors. The number of foreign players entered in the liberalized banking sector appears to be an example of the f oreign competition faced by the state. The Syrian economic reforms are carried out in such a way that they permit foreign participation on with providing necessary support and encouragements to the domestic firms focusing on the development of the economy of Syria. As a result of the corporate tax reformation of 2006 which reduced the tax rate from 65% to 28%, the corporate business sector experienced a remarkable change. A number of new business firms came in to performance and the government experienced an overall increase in the revenue. In 2008 another law was passed by Syria in order to support foreign investors. As per the law investors are allowed to rent or buy kingdom in the state for

Philosophy of BSSL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of BSSL - Essay voiceThis study is an effort to identify such challenging circumstances, when Blue Star Logistics, a company providing pack door to door delivery services to a host of clientele, had to go by the ethical principles quite a than sticking to the rule book.1. One such situation arose when one fine winter morn, a wide-ranging perpetration was due to be packed off to the neighboring city with the instructions from our client that the consignment has to reach there by 12 noon next morning. The customer had paid a elegant amount for the urgency tag, but with specific request that, if the consignment is delayed even by fractional an hour than it is of no use. That effectively implied that if the consignment is delayed, the company will have to compensate the client. The journey achievement was 2 hours. The preliminary break away of packing was done in the evening itself. Since it was already 9.30 PM in the evening, it was decided by the line manager that the people will be back at work at 9 am next morning, so they were briefed accordingly and all of us went home. Next morning preparations were started by the staff to dispatch the consignment, and they started waiting for the paper work to be done by the sustenance manager. When it was 9.30 am, everybody started worrying and efforts were started to contact him on phone, but his mobile was out of reach. Gradually the tension started gripping the faces of those resign in the office as it was 10 am by now. Thereafter permission was debaten from the abstract to make alternate arrangements and the consignment was somehow dispatched after 10.30 am, the net result it reached the destination after 1 pm. This in turn resulted in a heavy penalty for the company. There were instructions from top to take immediate action against the person concerned, because of whom it happened. By later afternoon, the company came to know that the documentation manager met with an throw and felt

Causes of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Causes of War - seek ExampleThere have unceasingly been numerous reports about war and conflicts in different move of the world with regrettable outcomes. A war can occur between groups of people, countries or even regions. to each one of the mentioned kinds and every particular case have their specific reasons for the occurrence. Although quite different, roots of the war are always associated with a kind of a conflict. It, therefore, means that a war comes up as a way out of a conflict between the two distinct parties starting a confrontation, regardless of what constituted a ground for the appearance of a conflict or its further scale. As a whole, both the florilegium of possible causes of war and their kinds are important topics to be investigated and analyzed. Countries can enter an international conflict purpose themselves in antagonism. (Ikenbery 173). In this case, the whole population of a country appears to be involved and the victory is ensured by armies fighting in the front lines and citizens backing them in a variety of ways. There are poem of factors that encourage conflicts to take place and those that may prevent a conflict from erupting. Some events are cognise to lead to an occurrence of war and other events can bring about peace and reconciliation, preventing conflicts to come in. Naturally, consequences and make of wars, particularly civil wars, are visible. Examples of both, short term and long term ones, which impose their effects on all the parties involved, could be seen in different nations.

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Annotated bibliography - Essay ExampleThis courtly war is a significant historic element and thus helps educate and enlighten readers.This source explores the influence bondage had on the civilised war. It examines the design of slavery especially in influencing politics in the south. Of significant emphasis are the submissions of major political players and society from the southern region of America in relation to slave ownership. The author also highlights the intention of black soldiers in the civil war and in what way they influenced the side that lost and that which lost the civil war.The author of this book dwells on the period before the civil war. He asserts that there were troubles over slavery that was slowly building up to a national phenomenon. He acknowledges that there were skirmishes along the North and due south Border in relation to fugitive slaves. They were what shaped up politics and culture leading to the civil war.This source is instrumental in showing th e build up to the war. It helps people know that political factions started forming a long time before the actual war started. It contributes to research by giving a wider scope of events leading to the civil

Paintings of Picasso during the Modernism Essay

Paintings of Picasso during the Modernism - Essay ExampleThe essay Paintings of Picasso during the Modernism go away help to understand the role of Pablo Picassos art in the modernism. Art paintings that emphasizes material content and the social light is perceivable as incomplete compared to art paintings in which the content is down played, and formal elements emphasized. The principles of modernism arrest are clearly visible in the works of Pablo Picasso, who perhaps can be considered as the about illustrious modern painter conversely, the difference that exists between content and form is not one-sided or simplistic. Considerably, Pablo Picassos paintings were not absolutely abstract in intimately instances the paintings contained references, though unclear, to the material art world. Furthermore, while Pablos paintings were characteristically concerned with the Cubism and universality, it helped shape and model abstract art. Social elements that were of interest then were incorporated in most of his works. Incorporation of social elements in his works further complicated Picassos stature as a modernist artist. Consequently, though Picassos art paintings encompass modernistic elements they are considerable as more complex in a modernistic sense because of all the elements incorporated in them. In the early 1900s, Picasso instigated his first crotchety style, which is referred to as the Picassos blue period. He restricted the color scheme he employed to blue, Picasso illustrated shrivel up and solitude body forms whose figures and appearance signified the inferiority.

Compare and contrast the planning functions of the Japanese and Research Paper

Compare and contrast the formulation functions of the Nipponese and Chinese stintingalal models - Research Paper ExampleThe economic models perform two basic functions, which include survival of the fittest of information on the basis of econometric study and simplification of the gathered information. economic models stool be classified as stochastic models, non-stochastic models, qualitative models, quantitative models, equilibrium, and non-equilibrium models. If we talk about some of the benefits of having the economic models, we can say that economic models are widely used for a variety of purposes in the economic surround of every country. Some of main uses of economic models include guiding resource allocation decisions, forecasting the economic activities, planning the functions of economy, and making appropriate decisions related to the economy. All of these uses make economic model one of the close to important models for the development of any country. Let us now di scuss planning functions of the economic models of china and Japan, which are two of the nearly progressive and well-established economies of the world. Comparison between Planning Functions of Chinese and Japanese Economic Models Chinese economy has seen significant success and development over the last decade. The communist government of the mint Republic of China has been successful in developing a strong Chinese economy, which has started developing its root in most of the Asian, European, and American markets. Although the politics of China remains communist, the economics might be called innovational Mercantilist (SNS 2010). Chinese economists tolerate analyzed the perfects ways to deal with the west by considering the cases of South Korea and Japan and have come up with a well-designed economic modal, which has the ability to make the Chinese economy one of the most stable economies of the future world. If we talk about the Japanese model of economy, we can say that Japa nese economic model has proved to be a very useful tool not only for the compend of the current economic situation of Japan but also for the projection of its future economic situation. Japanese economy has faced various shocks after the World War II but the responses of the Japanese economic model to the shocks provide us with a very good approximation of the current economy of Japan. The planning functions of the Japanese economic model also depend on the types of consumers. Unlike Chinese economic model, the Japanese economic model considers consumers to be of two types, which include permanent-income-hypothesis consumers and rule-of thumb consumers. The response to shocks becomes very realistic and trenchant due to identification of types of the consumers. If we analyze the most recent economic fadeout and the affect of that economic recessional on the economies of China and Japan, we come to know that china was one of those countries, which survived the economic recession u p to a large extent. It is due to the implementation of an appropriate economic model that Chinese economy did not arouse as the result of recent economic recession. Various analyses and reports show that the countries like Germany, Japan, America, and the United Arab Emirates were affected heavy due to the recent economic recession but the economy of china was so stable that the recession could not affect it up to a large extent. Japanese economy, which is currently the worlds trice largest economy, also slipped into the economic rece

Role of Human Resources Function Essay Example for Free

Role of humanityity Resources Function EssayNowadays, the world of transmission line is shrinkage day by day, technology has conquered al close to every place of the business sector with its contrastive technological instruments and equipments, which perform and accomplishes the role two times greater than a human accomplishes. In midst of these innovations, a number of companies give credit to the role of human choices for their success and prosperity in their business and answer sectors. (Frembrun, 1984)Subsequently, the role of human resources and the need of proper human resources management yield been significantly attached splendour for their proper management, in order to achieve better and long-term positive results in a company. In this regard, we will try to define, analyze, and discuss various aspects of human resources management and their different functions of recruitment, selection, and planning of human resources in a company in this paper.An educatio nal hypothesis or a business practice, in which employees be managed through its theoretical and a practical procedure, is termed as military man Resource centering. (Goss, 1994) Mainly, the employees with varying needs and goals be given primary importance in this hypothetical discipline, and do not allow the consideration to destine of them as basic business resources, for example, filing cabinets and trucks. (Ferris, 1995) Practitioners see the benevolent Resource centering as a much innovative compendium of leanplace management, rather than the older traditional approach. (Frembrun, 1984)Managers of an enterprise are pressure through its methods to express their goals with specificity, so that mildewforce may examine and undertake them easily. The academic theory of Human Resource precautions basic assertion is that humans are not degraded as just machines. (Marta M, 2005) Therefore, an interdisciplinary assessment of populace is necessary in the workplace. As a result, psychosomatic, sociological, industrial fields, and post-structuralism, post-modernism fine theories engage in recreating a major role in the said(prenominal) regard. (Zwieg, 1991)In recent years, varieties of feat enhancing and progressive human resource management practices are adopted by the U.S. companies, to improve their competitiveness in the global marketplace. These recommendations may be unsurprising, beca physical exercise the way of managing lot in an brass influence its slaying was more emphasized by the master keys and academics. (Mckenzie, 2002) Therefore, many testimonials were produced in the last decade to the value of progressive human resource management practices and their regarding bodys.While assuming the staffing selection and its quality, many employers seek fresh graduates for the colleges, with a major in human resources, industrial or moil relations, human resources administration. (McNeil, 2004) Rest of them seems to be looking for the g raduates with a business background or a kind of arts education. Previous experience is an asset for many narrow jobs, for example, the jobs of arbitrators, mediators, and managers. Due to overwhelming supply of these qualified college graduates, keen competition for the jobs is expected from the employers. (Burke, 2005)In particular, improvement of the cognitive process of organizations is widely due to the staff involvement, empowerment, job redesign, extensive employee training team based production systems, and performance-dependent motivator hires. (Hutton, 2004) The success of any organization is very significant in regard of attracting the qualified employees and their matching for the conform to jobs. (Chelladurai, 2006) However, it is impossible for many great(p) enterprises to allow the top management to be in the close touch sensation with the employees. This connection is provided by the labor relations, training, and human resources managers and specialists. (Tay eb, 2005) In the past, the performance of the managerial functions of an organization was related to these abovementioned workers, such as handling employee benefits, interviewing, recruiting, and hiring sore staff as per the policies and the implyments of the top management of the organization. (Dransfield, 2000)Nowadays, top executives are consulted regarding the strategical planning to manage the tasks by these human resources employees. These workers have come up from their behind the camera work to leading the corporation by their suggestions and improving the policies. The financial success of an organization is due to the significance of the human resources management department, and therefore, is recognized by the senior management. (Bach, 2005) These workers are withal helping the organizations, in an effort to affix their productivity and team spirit, performance and their business results by using employee skills and providing required training and giving opportu nities to develop themselves, to maturation the satisfaction of the employee in their working environment. While some jobs do not require close gather with the public, but still, dealing with people is an important key factory of the human resources job. (Jackson, 2006)A human resources generalist in a small business handles every aspect of human resources work and may require a variety of knowledge for this purpose. However, in a large corporation, the management and development of human resources programs and policies is oftentimes done by the top human resources executives. (Dransfield, 2000) Several departments are supervised by the human resources director, with an undergo manager, carely to be specializing in any one human resources activity, like benefits, training, compensation, development, and employment or employee relations. However, the emplacement and employment managers do the supervision of hiring and supervision of workers and various employees. (Jackson, 2006 )In the recruitment, the college campuses are often visited by the aforementioned specialists, and screening the applicants occasionally. In order to discuss wages, promotional opportunities, and working conditions with prospective employees, these specialists must familiarize themselves with the policies and the organization, itself. They should in any case update themselves with the equal employment opportunity and affirmative actions guidelines, like, Americans with Disabilities Act, etc. (Marta M, 2005) Equal employment opportunity statistical reports are complied and submitted by the equal employment opportunity officers, and delegations, in an attempt to investigate and resolve grievances regarding incorporate practices for possible violations. (Mckenzie, 2002) Employer relations representatives are usually seen in the government agencies, maintaining working relationships with local employers. Promotion of use of the public employment programs and services is overly sustai ned by these representatives.Specialization programs in specific areas like position classifications or pensions are conducted by job analysis specialists for the employers. These analysts collect and examine job duties information, which explain the training, skills, and duties, required for each job. Expert knowledge of the job analyst is also required, whenever an organization introduces a new job or when reviewing existing jobs. (Tanke, 2000) Research and planning work is conducted by occupational analysts in large firms. Studying the effects of industry and professional trends upon employee relationships and occupational classification systems is also a concern for these analysts.However, compensation managers establish and maintain pay system of a firm as their principal job. Staff specialists serve up them, devising ways in order to ensure equitable and fair pay rates. (Buhler, 2002) Surveys are also conducted to examine the comparison of their rates with the other companie s, and to examine the pay scale of their firm with the changing laws and regulations. pay back systems such as pay-for-performance plans are also designed by these managers to manage their firms performance evaluation system. (Carrell, 1992)As a part of the planning process, the health insurance and pensions plans are managed by the employee benefits managers and specialists. In addition, life, accidental death, and dismemberment insurance, disability insurance are also offered by some firms, to meet the necessities of workforce change, for example, child and elder care, employee assistance, and wellness programs, etc. Changing Federal and State regulations and legislations should be updated, which may preserve employee benefits. (Buhler, 2002)Training carrys a significant role in the success of an organization. Therefore, training and development programs for employees are conducted by training and development specialists. Increasingly, management recognizes that business result s are achieved by increasing individual and organizational performance, build workers loyalty to the firm and enhancing productivity by developing their skills and quality of work. So, training is at once recognized as a business imperative, while presenting it as a method of improving employee morale and developing their skills. (Rothwell, 2003)The complexity of the work environment, the organizational and technological changes rapid pace, the constantly extension of the new knowledge due to the growing number of jobs, determines the need of training in an organization. In addition, insights have been provided by the advances in learning theory into the ways of adult learning and the different ways of organizing an in effect(p) training for the employees. Planning, directing, and organizing this wide range of training is done by these training specialists. New employees are given the opportunity of on-the-job training and orientation sessions, in order to improve and maintain t heir job skills and simultaneously, preparing them for the jobs requiring greater skill. Supervisors are also helped by these specialists in order to deal with employees effectively. (Ferris, 1995)International human resources managers are also emerging specialties, which requires the handling of human resources issues related to an organizations foreign operations. Secondly, human resources information system specialists process human resources information through their developed and applied computer programs, for the matching of job seekers with different job openings, and the handling of other human resources matters. (Ferris, 1995) Classes for the enhancement of the marketable skills of the workers are also offered by most of the specialized organizations in human resources. Certification programs are also offered by some institutions, which help in the advancement opportunities. The International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans is an example of these programs, where a desi gnation is conferred to the persons after completing a college level courses series and passes the related exams. (Ulrich, 1997)In terms of selection and recruitment, a thorough job analysis for the determination of level of the skills, technical abilities, flexibility of the employee, competencies is considered very important by the professionals. At this point, the consideration of some(prenominal) the internal and external factors is imperative, which can have an impact on the employees recruitment. Current and future trends of the labor market, such as education level, skills, government investment, etc. like issues and that out-with the power of an organization are the external factors. On the other hand, organizational culture and management styles can be controlled, predicted, and monitored easily as the internal influences. (Ulrich, 1997) circumstance of the ethical and legal implications should be necessary in an organization regarding their decisions concerning human reso urces management policies, which are do to protect employees from racial or ethnic conflicts, such as white employees in the comparison of Afro-American subgroups. (Foulkes, 1989) Awareness of the rise in discrimination, unfair dismissal, and harassment cases regarding different race and sex, and their harmful effects on employees and organization should be in the employers. A foundation for an increasing interest in diversity during work has been provided by the Anti-discrimination legislation over the past 30 years.In order to understand the different responses of individuals to the labor markets changes, one should try to understand the different perspectives, such as geographical spread, professional structure, and generational disparity. The organization should consider the distance of traveling for the work while offering the pay. When deciding the requirements and eligibilities of a post, one should also think about the influencing factors, like transportation and infrastru cture of the area. (Webb, 1989) During the recruitment and selection process, there may not be any effect of blocking people on the discrimination of race, color, and creed. battalion with disabilities should also be entertained for the employment opportunities and promotions. Essentials functions should be reflected in the screening, recruiting and interviewing of the candidate. It is appreciable in the human resources, if the people of different color, and disable people may be included in the selection committee. (Mabey, 1998)In the recruitment, an organization can also employ, based on targeted approach. In this case, a request is post to the human resources administrator, in order to approach jobseekers for the vacancy. This request is then reviewed by the administrator to check the arrears at its extreme extent. after the request is approved, the targeted recruitment plan is implemented and then the aforementioned specialists match the jobseekers with the required vacancy.Reg arding the affirmative action, it does not end when an employee is placed after the employment process. All the employees should be treated fairly and equitably are some of the logical and subsequent efforts of this action. The goals of workforce diversity will be accomplished greatly, if the administration of likely and sound human resources policies will be in a consistent manner. (Frembrun, 1984) In addition, steps should be taken to ensure that equal opportunities are provided to the ethnic or racial minorities, women, and disabled people. It should also be equally important that the workplace environment should be a positive one as these minorities pass into the more depressed state where they are considerably unrepresented. (Hristozova, 2006)Conclusively, we have tried our best to explain and understand the Human Resources Management in relation to its recruitment, staffing, training, placement, and planning in a business organization. All these abovementioned aspects play a vital and crucial role in the success of a particular business association, which has been significantly dealt with sensitivity and importance by the professionals and company managers.ReferencesCharles J. Frembrun. (1984). Strategic Human Resources Management. John Wiley and Sons.David Goss. (1994). Principles of Human Resource Management. Routledge.David Ulrich. (1997). Human Resource Champions. Harvard Business School Press.Dr Christopher Mabey. (1998). Human Resource Management. Blackwell Publishing.Dr Gerald R Ferris. (1995). Handbook of Human Resource Management. Blackwell Publishing.Elena Hristozova. (2006). Human Resource Management in Consulting Firms. Springer.Fred K. Foulkes. (1989). Human Resources Management. Prentice Hall.Gerald R. Ferris, Sherman D. Rosen, Darold T. Barnum. (1995). Handbook of Human ResourceManagement. Blackwell Publishing.Gisela M. Webb. (1989). Human Resources Management in Libraries. Haworth Press.J. Steven Mckenzie. (2002). Opportunities in Human Resource Management Careers. McGraw-Hill Professional.Janice (EDT) Simmons-Welburn, Beth McNeil. (2004). Human Resource Management in Todays academician Library. Libraries Unlimited.Mark C. Zwieg. (1991). Human Resources Management. John Wiley and Sons.Marta M. (2005). Managing Human Resources in Latin America. Routledge.Mary L. Tanke. (2000). Human Resource Management for the Hospitality Industry. ThomsonDelmar Learning.Michael R. Carrell. (1992). Personnel/Human Resources Management. Maxwell Macmillan International.Monir H. Tayeb. (2005). International Human Resource Management. Oxford University Press.Packianathan Chelladurai. (2006). Human Resource Management in Olympic SportOrganizations. Human Kinetics.Patricia M. Buhler. (2002). Streetwise Human Resources Management. Adams Media.Robert Dransfield. (2000). Human Resources Management. Ca-Print-Harcourt_Heinemann.Robin W. Hutton. (2004). How to Set Up an HR Department. Lorman Business Center.Ronald J. Burke. (2005). Reinventin g Human Resources Management. Routledge.Stephen Bach. (2005). Managing Human Resources. Blackwell Publishing.Susan E. Jackson. (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management. Blackwell Publishing.William J. Rothwell. (2003). Planning and Managing Human Resources. HRD Products.

Summer for a Camp Skyline Ranch Counselor Essay Example for Free

Summer for a Camp Skyline Ranch Counselor EssayWhen the acknow takegement that my final twenty-four hour periods of high school were vastly approaching, I began to ask myself what I would do with my life. From that point, the thoughts began to crazy in of what things I could do to help better prepare myself for the future that was being pushed upon me. Seeing that I have known since a young age that I wanted to be an educator, my exploration of a pass job that would involve surrounding myself with children began. After break offless hours of internet searching for the job that would beat bring out suit me, I discovered a Christian summer camp that was very much a place that would cease to leave my mind for the next few days.Days passed by and prayers were sent up when I finally came to realize that this was the job I needed. Working at a Christian summer camp would be a great job for any young person because it is a federal agency to spread Gods word with young girls, pu sh limits and set new goals, and it exposes the counsellor to captivate what t all(prenominal)ers and educators face on a day to day basis.Gods word everlastingly ask to be shared with everyone but more especially to the youth. God has always been a huge purpose of my everyday life. Finding a place where I would be able to share this joy was a priority I had. Camp Skyline was undeniably the place for that. Each night we would sit virtually a campfire just to hear the songs of the praises to Gods word. Voices as sweet and soft as lovemaking would travel by dint of the mountain air as if a bee on a summer day. down the stairs that sound would be the faint crackling of the fire that blazed before us and faintly gave light to each face.On Sundays we had Skyline Church. Everyone was to wear pure white on this day. Upon entering church I would watch out girls of all ages running around in white dresses that were catered to fit each of the hundreds of girls. During those next few hours praises would be lifted and hearts would be led to God as if a lost child in a store searching for a parent that would soon be recovered. Some knew where they were being led while others only knew of the joy that was overtaking the friends around them.Blessings would overflow in my heartafter visual perception such tiny innocence find something that would forever change every life that heard His call. push limits and setting new goals is a necessity to being a successful person. Challenging myself to step out of my comfort zone was definitely an ambition I had for the summer. My first class to assist in would be ropes. There I would send girls off of zip lines, unusually high swings, and belay girls to their destination at the top of the manoeuvers. The smell of sap growing on these large oak trees began to surround me as if prevention escaping a bakery and surrounding the streets. My heart sank as I was assigned to be in the tree to send the girls off of the zip line.As I was creeping my way up this never expiry oak tree I realized that this is the adventure I had wanted. Capturing the top, I looked out to see the cheer gleaming down and beautiful blue skies surrounding as if God himself had worn out(p) His morning painting that moment for me. Girls began to climb up and jump off with fright not being a calamity of thought. To my astonishment, panic had left my mind as well and peace had taken the place of that. By the end of those hours, I was just as eager to jump out of that tree only to be caught by a thin cable attached to black rope want a dog on a leash.Teaching is very much underestimated much like being a camp counselor evoke be as well. Teaching is a desire that I have had for as foresighted as I shtup remember. Being a summer counselor is very much like being a teacher in many ways. This job consists of continuous hours of helping children obtain a goal they have set for themselves and sometimes just being that comforting hand in a time of need. Encouragement and perseverance are the keys to succeeding in this job. When I walked around camp I could feel the desperation of achieving a task creeping through the air as if a brigand in a bank. Much like teaching, counselors must give the reassurance that many children search for to help them succeed.You can do it is a phrase that is heard often throughout these wide open spaces. Nights are spent making sure they have enough sleep to help them be able to distinguish it through the rest of camp while also allowing them to have fun during the experience. Waking up to find a girl standing over your bed saying she is sick is not a rare occurrence. shimmer among the girls, cleanliness, sleepless nights, and being whatever support a girl needs in that moment can sometimes be challenging.Nonetheless rewarding life lessons can still be learned in moments such as these. A job like this me a whole new appreciation for the commonwealth who are willing to spend endless hours with children like a teacher does on a day to day basis.In closing, working at a Christian summer camp would be a great job for any young person because it is a way to spread Gods word with young girls, new limits will be set, and it exposes the counselor to see what teachers and educators face on a day to day basis. I recovered all of the goals I had set for myself for the same and was able to make new goals out of the experience as well. When leaving time came I had too many stories to be able to repeat and new standards set for myself to take home. My heart remains overjoyed today when I look back on the experiences I had. Smelling a strong odor can always take me back to the endless scent of dirty Chacos. Campers leave with dirty laundry and a burgeon forth of tears to follow for they dread seeing leaving day arrive. For me, I am already number down days until opening day of camp next year while my heart searches for atrophied things to take me back to that wonderful pl ace on the mountain.

Laurence Olivier Essay Example for Free

Laurence Olivier EssayThe original classification of Shakespe argons act upons Comedies, Tragedies, Histories and popish plays dont adequately describe in completely in all of Shakespe ars plays, and scholars subscribe list up with more than names to do so. The most widely used categories atomic number 18 Romance scams, Problem Plays, and Shakespe atomic number 18s Tragi prank Plays. The plays in those categories come much in common, bargonly at that place argon enough differences to prevent some of them to fall into all three. The Winters Tale, for example is a play that does give up the features of all three, however. A tragiclowning is a play that is neither a comedy nor a cataclysm, although it has the features of both. Tragedies are usually centre almost entirely on the central character, the tragic hero (although Shakespeares tragedies merchant ship sometimes be a ikon tragedy, with two tragic heroes, like Romeo and Juliet). The audience has insights i nto his mind and goes full-bodiedly in, as he does in Macbeth or small town. Comic plays, on the other hand, remove that focus and the concerns are diversified so that the execution is do up of the stories of some(prenominal) characters, p inventionicularly pairs of lovers.The shadows in human emotions are usually minor in the comedies they are much(prenominal) things as misunderstandings, playful deceptions and so on. Plays that fall between the two stools of tragedy and comedy are sometimes tingered to as Problem Plays. so the solely area of classification is a genuinely intemperate one. It shouldnt be necessary to classify them exclusively scholars need a language in which to sing ab let on the plays. The merchandiser of Venice can be seen as a tragicomedy.It has a comic structure barely one of the central characters, Shylock, looks real(a)ly much like a tragic character. The play has a comedy baring with the lovers pairing off but we are left with taste in the mouth of the ordeal of Shylock, destroyed by a combination of his own faults and the persecution of the lovers who enjoy that happy ending. The feeling at the end of the play is neither joy nor misery. The play has a decidedly comic structure but there is also a powerful tragic story. It can therefore be called a tragicomedy.Shakespeare tragicomedies usually have improbable and complex plots characters of high mixer class contrasts between villainy and virtue love of unlike kinds at their centre a hero who is saved at the last minute after(prenominal) a touch-and- go experience surprises and tr apieceery. The Winters Tale and Cymbeline are two plays that fit that tragicomical invention. Shakespeares plays generally accepted as tragicomedy plays are * Cymbeline * The Winters Tale Shakespeares catastrophe plays One of the main features of Renaissance art is that it was inspired by classical art and philosophy.This is evident in the work of such artists as Michelangelo who, caught up in the spirit of Humanism that was sweeping across Europe, focused on the human form. Focusing on the human form during Mediaeval times would have been unworkable as it would have been a distraction from the necessary focus on divinity fudge. The essence of Humanistic art was that human organisms were created in Gods image so it was possible for Michelangelo even to portray God as a beautiful and physically powerful man with realistic human features, presented as nonsuch in fact, the human form at its most beautiful.Artists became anatomists, going as far as get human bodies for dissection. The result was a new realism in the representation of human beings in art. Shakespeare is, in a authority, the Michelangelo of literature. That he could, in one play, Ot stone pito, written four hundred years ago, represent what we can recognise as a modern psychopath and a modern alcoholic, in Iago and Cassio respectively, is incredible. Iago is a amply realised physochological chara cter just as the David is a fully realized man physically. Greek gambling was an important prototype for Renaissance turn after the flat, unrealistic morality plays of the mediaval centuries.The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, defined tragedy and asserted that it was the noblest and most serious, dignified and important form of drama. M either of the plays of the Renaissance resembled those Greek tragedies. In several of Shakespeares plays there is a central protagonist who undergoes a harrowing experience as he is brought down from his lofty height, ending up dead. There is also a special feeling created in an observer of those Shakespearedramas, similar to the feeling described by Aristotle as the effect of tragedy on an observer.Critics therefore ideal of those Shakespeare plays as tragedies and that notion has remained with us tothis day, although many another(prenominal) of those interested inShakespeare are now thinking otherwise about the plays. There are still teachers , though, who teach the tragedies as though they were Aristotelian tragedies and miss a great deal of what those plays are doing. In his Poetics Aristotle outlines tragedy as follows The protagonist is someone of high realm a prince or a king. He is like us perhaps a bit distinguishable in his level of nobility so that we can both identify with him and admire him as a man as salubrioushead as respect him for his high estate.The protagonist has a tragic fault in his character which give births him contribute to his own destruction. This can take the form of an obsession. The flaw is often classify of his greatness but it also causes his downfall. The flaw causes the protagonist to make mistakes and misjudgments. That in turn begins to alienate him from his supporters so that he becomes isolated. He begins to fall from his high level. He struggles to regain his position but fails and he comes crashing down. He eventually recognises his mistakes, but too late. An important aspe ct is the suffering he undergoes, which the audience observes and identifies with.We experience mercy and terror as we watch what attends to us an avoidable suffering. At thend the air is cleared by the proceeds of the order that existed before the events of the story and we experience what Aristotle calls catharsis a feeling of relief and closure. Using the border tragedy about Shakespeares plays invites attempts to fit them to the Aristotelian pattern but none of them fits. Othello seems to conform to the pattern but when one thinks about it, Othello, superficially resembling a tragic hero, doesnt even seem to be the main character in the play.It can be seen as a modern psychological drama about a psychopath who manipulates e realone around him just for fun just because he has nobody recrudesce to do and destroying other human beings gives him pleasure or is necessary because they get in his charge. Othello may seem to have a fatal flaw too trusting, gullible but so do all the other characters, because Iago has deceived them all with his psychopathic charm and a deliberate effort of making himself appear trustworthy. both misjudgment Othello makes is the hard work of Iago. Easily manipulated? Jealous? Does he have all those tragic flaws as well?The feeling at the end is not quite Aristotle either. Perhaps it is more of a disgust for Iago than blessing for Othello, who comes across as more stupid than tragic. And to make things more complicated, our feeling of pity is directed more to Desdamona. And but some teachers miss the meaning of this play by their insistence on teaching it as an Aristotelian tragedy. Antony and Cleopatra is sometimes called a double tragedy. While Othello appears to fit the Aristotelian pattern because of the enormous charisma of Othello at the beginning of the play Antony and Cleopatra cannot fit it in any shape or form.In tragedy the focus is on the mind and inner struggle of the protagonist. The emotional informatio n comes to the audience from that source. In comedy the information comes from a variety of sources and the comic effect is produced by a display of many different points of view, coming at the audience from different angles. That is exactly what happens in Antony and Cleopatra , so we have something very different from a Greek tragedy. What we have is a miracle a tragic feeling coming out of a comic structure. So what is Shakespearean tragedy? Perhaps there is no such thing.And yet we can identify a tragic feeling and even a cathartic effect in some of the plays. We must be very careful not to insist on fitting them to any pattern because that wouldnt help us understand the plays. We must look elsewhere for our understanding of them. Moreover, all of Shakespeares plays have elements of both tragedy and comedy, sometimes very finely balanced, creating effects that Aristotle could never have dreamt of. List of Shakespeares disaster Plays * Antony and Cleopatra * nance Lear * Macbet h * Othello * Romeo Juliet * Titus Andronicus.Shakespeares Comedy Plays Early Greek comedy was in sharp contrast to the dignity and seriousness of tragedy. Aristophanes, the towering giant of comedy, used every kind of mental capacity from the slapstick by dint of sexual jokes to satire and literary parody. Unlike tragedy, the plots didnt originate in traditionalistic myth and legend, but were the product of the save uprs creative imagination. The main understructure was political and social satire. Over the centuries comedy moved away from those themes to focus on family matters, notably a concentration on relationships and the complications of love.Such a universal theme was bound to survive and, indeed, it has travelled well, from Greece finished Roman elegance and, with the Renaissance preoccupation with things classical, into Renaissance Europe, to England and the Elizabethans, and into the modern world of the twentieth and twenty first centuries, where we see Greek com edy alive and well in films and television. Shakespeares comedies (or rather the plays of Shakespeare that are usually categorised as comedies), just as in the case with he tragedies, do not fit into any slot.They are generally identifiable as the comedies of Shakespeare in that they are full of fun, irony and dazzling wordplay. They also erupt in disguises and mistaken identities with very convoluted plots that are difficult to follow (try relating the plot of A midsummer Nights Dream to someone ), with very contrived endings. Any attempt at describing these plays as a group cant go beyond that superficial outline. The highly contrived endings are the clue to what these plays, all very different, are about. Take The Merchant of Venice for example it has the love and relationship element.As usual there are two couples. One of the women is disguise as a man through most of the text typical of Shakespearian comedy but the other is in a very unpleasant situation a young Jewess s educed away from her get by a shallow, rather dilatory young Christian. The play ends with the lovers all together, as usual, celebrating their love and the way things have turned out well for their group. That resolution has come about by completely destroying a mans life. The Jew, Shylock is a man who has made a mistake and been forced to pay dearly for it by losing everything he values, including his religious freedom.It is almost like two plays a comic structure with a personal tragedy imbedded in it. The comedy is a frame to heighten the effect of the tragic elements. The Christians are selfish and shallow and vicious beyond imagination and with no conscience whatsoever. This is the use of the comic form to create something very deep and dark. Twelfth Night is similar the humiliation of a man the in-group doesnt like. As in The Merchant of Venice, his suffering is simply shrugged off in the highly contrived comic ending. non one of these plays, no matter how full of life and love and laughter and joy, it may be, is without a darkness at its run intot. much Ado About Nothing , like Antony and Cleopatra (a tragedy with a comic structure) is a miracle of creative writing. Shakespeare seamlessly roasts an antediluvian patriarch mythological love story and a modern invented one, weaving them together into a very homophile(a) drama in which light and dark chase each other around like clouds and fair weather on a windy day, and the play threatens to fall into an abyss at any moment and emerges from that danger in a highly contrived ending once again. Like the tragedies these plays defy categorisation.They all develop our attention to a range of human experience with all its sadness, joy, poignancy, tragedy, comedy, darkness, lightness, and its depths. Shakespeares Comedy Plays * Alls Well That Ends Well * The Comedy of Errors * As you Like It * Cymbeline * Loves Labours Lost * survey for Measure * The Merry Wives of Windsor * The Merchant of Venice * Twelfth Night * Two Gentlemen of Verona Shakespeares History Plays Just as Shakespeares comedies have some dark themes and tragic situations while the tragedies have some high comic moments, the Shakespeares chronicle plays contain comedy, tragedy and everything in between.All Shakespeares plays are dramas written for the entertainment of the human beings and Shakeseares intention in writing them was just that to entertain. It wasnt Shakespeare, but Shakespearian scholars, who categorised his plays into those areas of tragedy, comedy and history as well as problem and Roman. Unfortunately, our appreciation of the plays is often affected by our tendency to look at them in that limited way. Most of the plays have an historical element the Roman plays, for example, are historical but scholars dont refer to those Roman plays (Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus etc.) ashistory plays.The plays that we normally mean when we refer to the history plays are the ten plays that cover slope history from the twelfth to the sixteenthcenturies, and the 1399-1485 distributor point in particular. separately play is named after, and focuses on, the reigning monarch of the period. In chronological order of setting, these are King John, Richard II, enthalpy IV Parts Iand II, Henry V, Henry VI Parts I, II and III, Richard III and Henry VIII, although Shakespeare didnt write them in that order. The plays dramatise five generations of Medieval power struggles.For the most part they depict the Hundred eld War with France, from Henry V to Joan of Arc, and the Wars of the Roses, between York and Lancaster. We should never forget that they are works of imagination, based very loosely on historical figures. Shakespeare was a keen reader of history and was always looking for the salient impact of historical characters and events as he read. Today we tend to think of those historical figures in the way Shakespeare presented them. For example, we think of Richard II I as an evil man, a kind of psychopath with a deformed frame and a grudge against humanity.Historians can do whatever they like to set the record straight but Shakespeares Richard seems stuck in our culture as the real Richard III. Henry V, nee Prince Hal, is, in our minds, the perfect model of kingship after an education gained by indulgence in a misspent youth, and a perfect human being, but that is only because thats the way Shakespeare chose to present him in the furtherance of the themes he wanted to develop and the melodramatic story he wanted to guarantee. In fact, the democratic perception of mediaval history as seen through the rulers of the period is pure Shakespeare. We have given ourselves entirely to Shakespeares vision.What would Bolingbroke (Henry IV) mean to us today? We would know nothing of him but because of Shakespeares plays he is an important, memorable and significant historical figure. The history plays are enormously appealing. Not only do they give insig ht into the political processes of Mediaval and Renaissance politics but they also offer a glimpse of life from the top to the very bottom of society the royal speak to, the nobility, tavern life, brothels, mendicants, everything. The great English actual and fictional hero, Henry V and the most notorious fictional bounder, Falstaff, are seen in several scenes together.Not only that, but those scenes are among the most entertaining, profound and memorable in the whole of English literature. Thats some achievement. Finally, although adding this at the end of the article and leaving it in the air, several questions are begged what we see in the plays is not mediaval society at all, but Elizabethan and Jacobean society. Because although Shakespeare was writing history, using historical figures and events, what he was really doing was writing about the politics, entertainments and social situations of his own time.A major feature of Shakespeares appeal to his own generation was re cognition, somethingShakespeare exploited relentlessly. List of Shakespeares History Plays, Henry IV Part 2,Henry V,Henry VI Part 1,Henry VI Part 2,Henry VI Part 3,Henry VIII,King John,Richard II,Richard III. 2) Tragedy village, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello. King Lear Play Overview Resources The King Lear play is set in the BCE period, somewhere in England, usually thought of as being what is Leicestershire today. The action in the first two acts shifts among the rooks of Lear, Gloucester, and those of Lears two daughters, Goneril and Regan.The rest of the action takes place in the frozen countryside, mainly on a blasted heath with violent weather, symbolise the state of Lears mind. Date written 1603-1606 literary genre classification King Lear is regarded as a Tragedy Main characters in King Lear King Lear is the king of pre-Christian Britain. He has three daughters Goneril, Regan andCordelia. The Earl of Gloucester is a senior duke in Lears kingdom. He has two sons, Edmund, a n il trustworthy son and Edgar, a legitimate son. The Earl of Kent is a fiercely incorruptible nobleman, sticking by Lear in spite of Lears atrocious treatment of him.The Fool is the court jester, develop well beyond the jesters that appear in Shakespeares and other writers earlier plays. King Lear themes This is a play about family a thorough exploration of family relationships, particularly filial ingratitude, where the cruelty and disregard for their stupefy by Goneril and Regan are contrasted with those of the love and loyalty of Cordelia in spite of the ruthless treatment she has experienced at her fathers hands. There is also a deep exploration oflegitimate versus illegitimate offspring.Good versus evil is presented through the evil of the two older sisters against the saintliness of the youngest. Other themes are those of old age and authority. and attitudes to those pain, justice, and the ever present theme in Shakespeares plays demeanor and reality. King Lear Plot Summ ary The Earl of Gloucester introduces his illegitimate son, Edmund, to the Earl of Kent at court. Lear, King of Britain, enters. at a time that he is old Lear has decided to abdicate, retire, and divide his kingdom between his three daughters.Each will foregather a portion of the kingdom according to how much they love him. Goneril, Duchess ofAlbany, the oldest, and Regan, Duchess of Cornwall, the second, both speak eloquently and puzzle their portion but Cordelia, the youngest, can say nothing. Her declaration that she loves him according to a daughters affair to a father enrages him and she is disowned. One of Cordelias suitors, the Duke of Burgundy, rejects her once she is dowerless but the King of France understands her declaration and takes her as his wife, while the Earl of Kent is banished for taking Cordelias part against the King.The kingdom is shared between Goneril and Regan. Lear single outs them that he intends to live alternately with each of them. Meanwhile, Edmu nd is determined to be treasure as a rightful son of Gloucester and persuades his father that his legitimate brother, Edgar, is plotting against Gloucesters life, using a deceitful device. Edmund warns Edgar that his life is in danger. Edgar flees and disguises himself as a beggar. Goneril becomes increasingly cheesed off by the behaviour of Lears hundred followers, who are disturbing life at Albanys castle.Kent has returned in disguise and gains a place as a servant to Lear, supporting the King against Gonerils ambitious servant, Oswald. Lear eventually asserts Goneril and leaves to move in with Regan. Edmund acts as a messenger between the sisters and is courted by each in turn. He persuades Cornwall that Gloucester is an enemy because, through loyalty to his King, Gloucester assists Lear and his devoted companion, the Fool, when they are turned away by Regan and told to return to Gonerils household. Despairing of his daughters and regretting his rejection of Cordelia, Lear goe s out into the wilderness during a fierce storm.He goes mad. Gloucester takes them into a chanty for shelter and seeks the aid of Kent to get them away to the coast, where Cordelia has landed with a French army to fight for her father against her sisters and their husbands. Edgar, pretending to be mad, has also taken refuge in the shelter and the Fool, the mad king and the beggar are companions until Edgar finds his father wandering and in pain. Gloucester has been blinded by Regan and Cornwall for his double-dealerous act in dower Lear. Cornwall has been killed by a servant after blinding Gloucester but Regan continues to rule with Edmunds help.Not recognised by his father, Edgar leads him to the coast and helps him, during the journey, to come to an acceptance of his life. Gloucester meets the mad Lear on Dover beach, near Cordelias multitude and, with Kents aid, Lear is rescued and re-united with Cordelia. Gloucester, although reconciled with Edgar, dies alone. The French fo rces are defeated by Albanys army led by Edmund, and Lear and Cordelia are captured. Goneril has poisoned Regan in jealous rivalry for Edmunds attention but Edgar, disguised now as a loyal knight, challenges Edmund to a duel and wounds him mortally.Seeing no way out, Goneril kills herself. The last Edmund confesses his crimes, but it is too late to save Cordelia from the hangman. Lears heart breaks as he carries the body of his love daughter in his arms, and Albany and Edgar are left to re-organise the kingdom. small town Play Overview Resources for Shakespeares juncture Shakespeare sets his juncture play in the cold, dark isolation of Elsinor a grim, snow-covered region of Denmark. Its the royal court of the King of Denmark. The atmosphere is established on the cold, windy battlements of the castle.Most of the action takes place in theinterior board and corridors of the castle and one scene is set in a nearby cemetery. Date written 1601 Genre classification Hamlet is regarde d as one of Shakespeares tragedies. Main characters in Hamlet Hamlet, the son of the of late remove King is the heir to the throne. Hehas had the crown stolen from him by his fathers villainous brother, Claudius whom thelate kings widow, Gertrude Hamlets mother has married. Hamlets fathers feeling tellshim on the battlements that Claudius completeed him.Hamlet is continuously spied on by Polonius, the garrulous Lord Chamberlain of Denmark. His eavesdropping results in his being accidentally killed by Hamlet. Ophelia is Polonius daughter. Led on to a possible relationship by Hamlet, then rejected, she commits suicide by drowning. Her brother, Laertesseeks avenge by plotting with Claudius to kill Hamlet. Other characters are Hamlets friend, Horatio, in whom he confides, Rosencranz and Guidenstern, Hamlets fellow university students, who pick out on Hamlet for Claudius, a troupe of strolling actors and a pair of gravediggers.See a full list of characters in Hamlet. Hamlet Theme s The play falls into the genre of the Revenge Tragedy, which was very popular in the Jacobean era with its taste for violence and intrigue. Revenge is the most obvious, and one of the main, themes of the play. Although explorations of the idea of appearance and reality are present in all Shakespeares plays, its more fully create in Hamlet, with all its plotting, intrigues, deceit and hypocrisy. Other themes are the question of what a human being is death and mortality and suicide.In common with several other Shakespeare plays, there is a clear Christian parallel. Hamlet Plot Summary Prince Hamlets student friend, Horatio, goes to the battlements of Denmarks Elsinore castle late at night to meet the guards. They tell him about a tint they have seen that resembles the late king, Hamlet. It reappears and they decide to tell the prince. Hamlets uncle, Claudius, having become king, has now married Hamlets widowed mother, Gertrude. In the court, after envoys are sent to Norway, the pri nce is dissuaded from returning to university.Hamlet still mourns his fathers death and hearing of the ghost from Horatio he determines to see it for himself. Laertes, son of the courtier, Polonius, departs for France, warning his sister, Ophelia, against thinking too much of Hamlets attentions. The ghost appears to Hamlet and tells him that he was murdered by Claudius. The prince swears vengeance and his friends are sworn to secrecy as Hamlet decides to feign madness while he tests the truth of the ghosts allegations. He rejects Ophelia, as Claudius and Polonius spy on him seeking to find a reason for his sudden eerie behaviour.Guildenstern and Rosencrantz, former student friends of Hamlet, are summoned by Claudius and their arrival coincides with that of a group of travelling actors. The prince knows these players well and they rehearse together before set up to present Hamlets choice of play before the king and queen, which will include scenes soused to the circumstances of th e old kings death.At the performance Hamlet watches closely as Claudius is fire into interrupting the play and storming out, resolving to send the prince away to England. Hamlet is summoned by his distressed mother and, onthe way he spares Claudius whom he sees kneeling, attempting to pray.To kill him while he is praying would send his soul to heaven rather than to the hell he deserves. Polonius hides in Gertrudes room to listen to the conversation, but Hamlet detects movement as he upbraids his mother. He stabs the concealing tapestry and so kills the old man. The ghost reappears, warning his son not to hold up revenge, nor to upset his mother. As the army of Norways King Fortinbras crosses Denmark to attack Poland, Hamlet is sent to England, ostensibly as an ambassador, but he discovers Claudiuss plan to have him killed.Outwitting this plot Hamlet returns alone, sending Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their deaths in his stead. During Hamlets absence Ophelia goes mad as a result of her fathers death and she is drowned. Hamlet returns and meets Horatio in the graveyard. With the arrival of Ophelias funeral Hamlet confronts Laertes who, after attempting a revolt against Claudius, has taken his fathers place at the court. A duel is arranged between Hamlet and Laertes at which Claudius has plotted for Hamlet to die either on a poisoned rapier, or from poisoned wine.The plans go wrong and both Laertes and Hamlet are wounded, while Gertrude unwittingly drinks from the poisoned cup. Hamlet, in his death throes, kills Claudius, and Horatio is left to explain the truth to the new king, Fortinbras, who returns, victorious, from the Polish wars. Macbeth Play Overview Resources The main source for Shakespeares Macbeth play was Holinsheds Chronicles. Holinshed in turn took the account from a Scotch history, Scotorum Historiae, written in 1527 by Hector Boece. Shakespeare, flattering James 1, referred to the kings own books, denudation of Witchcraft and Daemonologie, written in 1599.Some of the main ideas of Macbeth are Nature, Manhood and Light versus Dark. In Macbeth, the murder of a king by one of his subjects is seen as unnatural and the images ofthe play reflect this theme, with disruptions of nature, like storms and events such as where the horses turn on their grooms and bite them. In Macbeth Shakespeareexplores what it is to be a man. Lady Macbeth accuses Macbeth of being sissy because of his hesitation in killing Duncan, but Macbeth says that its unmanly for a man to kill his king. Shakespeare plays with that paradox.Duncan is a good king and a good man, and he is surrounded by images of light. Macbethand Lady Macbeth turn their surroundings into a picture of hell, blanketed in darkness. Those images of light and dark interact throughout the play. Traditionally, there is a curse on Macbeth. Actors and productioncrews perpetuate the superstition by avoiding using the plays backup, Macbeth, which is considered bad luck. It has to be referred to as The Scottish Play. Date written 1605 Read the full Macbeth text Genre classification Macbeth is regarded as a tragedy.Macbeth Characters The hero, Macbeth, the Thane of Glamys and later Thane of Cawdor, murders the king, Duncan, and is elected as king in his place. Lady Macbeth, his wife, is his co-conspirator in the murder. Duncans sons, Malcolm and Donalblain, themselves in danger, flee. Banquo, Macbeths friend, is also murdered by Macbeth. Macduff, the Thane of Fife, suspects Macbeth and his whole family is massacred. Macduff is the man who finally kills Macbeth. There are three witches, who plant the idea of murdering Duncan in Macbeths mind, and they lead him on to his destruction.Their queen is Hecate. Other characters are the Scottlish noblemen, Lennox and Ross, and the English general, Siward and his son, Young Siward. See a full list of Macbeth characters. Themes in Macbeth The main themes in Macbeth are intake and misdeed. Macbeths overweening ambition lea ds him to kill Duncan and from then on until the end of the play he suffers unacceptable guilt. Another theme is that of appearance and reality. Of all Shakespeares characters, Macbeth has the most difficulty in distinguishing between what is real and what is not.Macbeth Plot Summary King Duncans generals, Macbeth and Banquo, encounter three strange women on a bleak Scottish moorland on their way home from quelling a rebellion. The women prophesy that Macbeth will be given the title of Thane of Cawdor and then become King of Scotland, while Banquos heirs shall be kings. The generals want to hear more but the weird sisters disappear. Duncan creates Macbeth Thane of Cawdor in thanks for his success in the recent battles and then proposes to make a brief visit to Macbeths castle.Lady Macbeth receives news from her husband of the prophecy and his new title and she vows to help him become king by any means she can. Macbeths return is followed almost at once by Duncans arrival. The Macbe ths plot together and later that night, while all are sleeping and after his wife has given the guards drugged wine, Macbeth kills the King and his guards. Lady Macbeth leaves the bloody daggers beside the dead king. Macduff arrives and when the murder is notice Duncans sons, Malcolm and Donalbain flee, fearing for their lives, but they are nevertheless blamed for the murder.Macbeth is elected King of Scotland, but is plagued by feelings of guilt and insecurity. He arranges for Banquo and his son, Fleance to be killed, but the boy escapes the murderers. At a celebratory banquet Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and disconcerts the courtiers with his strange manner. Lady Macbeth tries to calm him but is rejected. Macbeth seeks out the witches and learns from them that he will be safe until Birnam Wood comes to his castle, Dunsinane. They tell him that he need fear no-one born of woman, but also that the Scottish succession will come from Banquos son.Macbeth embarks on a reign of ter ror and many, including Macduffs family are murdered, while Macduff himself has gone to join Malcolm at the court of the English king, Edward. Malcolm and Macduff decide to lead an army against Macbeth. Macbeth feels safe in his remote castle at Dunsinane until he is told that Birnam Wood is moving towards him. The situation is that Malcolms army is carrying branches from the forest as camouflage for their assault on the castle. Meanwhile Lady Macbeth, paralysed with guilt, walks in her sleep and gives away her secrets to a listening doctor.She kills herself as the final battle commences. Macduff challenges Macbeth who, on learning his adversary is the child of a Ceasarian birth, realises he is doomed. Macduff triumphs and brings the head of the traitor to Malcolm who declares peace and is crowned king. Othello Play Overview Resources The Othello play begins in Venice where there is a wealthy, well ordered, well behaved community, controlled by strong laws and established conventi ons.

The Clock Essay Example for Free

The Clock EssayA clock is an instrument workoutd to specify, record, and manage time. The word clock comes from the French word cloche meaning bell, came into use when timekeepers were kept in bell towers in the Middle Ages. Historians do not who or when mankind invented a time-keeping device or a clock. Probably thou lynchpins of years ago when some champion stuck a remain in the ground and saw a shadow of the sun move across the ground, cognise as the sundial. (Cummings, 1997-2012). After the Samarian culture left little knowledge behind, the Egyptians were next to divide their day in two parts. A vertical stick, or obelisk that is used to cast a shadow is known as a sundial. They were used as early as 3500 B.C.. Another shadow clock or sundial, perchance the primary portable timepiece, came into use around 1500 B.C. to measure the passage of mos. As the sun moves from east to west, the shadows squall the time of the day. They also showed the years seven-day and shor test days when the shadow at noon was the shortest or longest of the year. The Greeks used a sundial called pelekinon. These sundials are marked to predict time accurately throughout the year. They built a more accurate sundial based on their knowledge of geometry. An ancient Egyptian sundial from the 8th coulomb and a Greek sundial are still in existence today.Water clocks along with sundials are known to be the oldest time- touchstones devices. The bowl-shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon and in Egypt around the 16th century BC. Other regions of the world, including India and chinaware, also have early evidence of water clocks, but the earliest dates are less certain. Some authors, however, claim that water clocks bulge outed in China as early as 4000 BC. (Cowan, 1958) Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius (Greek ) (fl. 285222 BC) was a Greek inventor and mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. (As of 2008, 17682010)H e improved the clepsydra in the 3rd century by B.C. by which water that dripped into the container raise a float that carried a cursor to mark the hours. He attached a toothed sales booth with a float switch that when raised would turn a wheel where he installed mechanical signing birds and bells to signify certain hours of the day such as noon or midnight. In the 16th century A.D.clepsydras were used by Galileo to time his experimental falling objects.A assholedle-timepiece is also of ancient origin. No one knows exactly when it originated. It was used to measure the transitory of time by marking intervals along the s go of the candle. antediluvian patriarch Egyptians used tallow, an animal substances to make candles. The Romans were the first to use a wick inside of a candle. wax was used to make candles during the middle ages, however it was very expensive. It was said that the Romans and the Chinese would use candle-timepieces as outrage clocks. They would stick a nail in a certain point of the candle depending on the sought after time. Whenever the candle wax melted down to the nail, the nail would then fall onto a tin pan and make a noise.An hourglass or sand clock was a commonly used time device. Its lie of two glass compartments connected by a narrow neck containing an certain amount of sand that slowly trickles from the bottom chamber to the lower in a set amount of time, often one hour or so. Hourglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, the motion of the ship while sailing did not reckon the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave it more accurate measurements, as the clepsydra was wedded to get condensation inside it during temperature changes. (Balmer, (Oct., 1978)). In the early-to-mid -14th century A.D., large mechanical clocks begin to appear in towers of several large Italian cities.These clock s were weight driven and very inaccurate. One of the first clocks to strike the hour was in Milan in around 1335 A.D. These clocks only had one hand, the hour hand. In 1510, a man by the name of Peter Henlein, a locksmith and clock maker of Nuremburg, Germany, invented the move driven clock. He is often considered the inventor of the watch. (Dohrn-van Rossum Dunlap, 1996). In 1557, the minute hand was invented. However, it wasnt until the invention of the pendulum in the late 1600s that the minute hand became useful.As electricity was introduced, clocks began to use an electrical passion to operate the dials of a master clock. The electrical current replaced the spring and weight as a violence source. The piezoelectric effect given by the quartz crystals was discovered by thecurie brothers, Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie in 1880, but wasnt applied into a clock until 1929. This effect exhibited by certain crystals generating a voltage when subject to an electric field, induced an electric potential to nearby conductors, therefore powering the clock. These clocks can have an accuracy of one second every 10 years.Along with these inventions, Charles Dowd introduces the idea of time zones in 1870 dividing the United States by meridians one hour, and 15 degrees apart using Greenwich, England as zero meridian. In 1883 the railroads film the four time zones for the continental United States. And in 1918 the United States Congress passes the Standard Time fiddle, authorizing The Interstate Commerce Commission to establish ideal time zones within the United States, and establishing daylight rescue times. Finally, In 1949 The National Institute of Standards and Technology built the first atomic clock, using ammonia. A second is formally defined as 9,192,631,770 vibrations of the cesium atom. Atomic clock NIST-7 has been the main atomic time standard for the United States, and is among the best time standards in the world.

Economic Recovery in UK Essay Example for Free

Economic Rec every patchy in UK EssayIntroduction over the onetime(prenominal) some years, UK delivery has been is a recession period characterized by decline in convinced(p) melody find outs. This period indicated unfavor qualified problem environment due to aspects of game tax revenueation, reduced demand and spunky comprise of imports. The period was also characterized by low cost of imports which results to uncomplimentary counterbalance of trade in UK.Economic downturn in UK has great influence in business especially the high highroad brands (Holley, 2012). With that kind of scotch, grow conditions there was accessiond concerns about the next of high road s. this trend imperil the long term survival and attractiveness of high path brands since the stinting conditions undermined the ability to attract a range of potential customers and opposite businesses. However, signs of scotch retrieval are evident in get together Kingdom. The coupled Kingdom is r eturning to sparing egression, this is according to a range of sparing indicators which reveal a horse barn housing market firms raising self-reliance and employees readiness to hire (Irvin, 2006). tally to economical selective information is growing faster where effects are felt throughout the economy. The data suggests that the economic recovery is evident in nearly all sectors in the fall in Kingdom economy. consort to economic data in UK, the economy grew by 0.8 per centum compared to last year economic grow denoted by 0.4 percent (Holley, 2012). Considerably, economic recovery in UK has greatly boosted business in the country. For instance, galore(postnominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) presidencys live with grown good in the certain business environment that is en for sured by the economy recovery. More precisely, companies such as Tesco has registered and join on in the total sales compared to recent past (Tesco annual report, 2013). This in turn has promoted n erves strategic rise in regard planning in the current business environment.Most important, the constant economic recovery mood in UK is amend as most businesses are reacting to the increased business faith through search of new markets. The situation has also encouraged identifyment and saving in united Kingdom. Increase in business dominance is accelerating this is a fundamental financial performance signal in UK that indicates reported profit and turnover rise and is expected to improve further (Irvin, 2006). According to economic data, unemployment take aim has decreased drastically since the start of economic recovery in the country. This situation is characterized by increased demand, exploitation of most of sector especially retail. In addition, economic firing has ensured favorable balance of payment in UK (Holley, 2012).The economic recovery in UK also indicates enhanced future for high streets brands since it is better its attractiveness and survival. According t o economic data, improved economic conditions in UK leave alone attract more potential investors and retailers to high street brands business. This because of the enhance business trust and favorable business climate in United Kingdom.Generally, all sectors of United Kingdom economy are growing considerably showing continuing creation of employment opportunities by the government, educated workforce and enhanced living standards through reduction of costs of living (Irvin, 2006).According to economic data, there are indications of enhanced consumer confidence in United Kingdom. This phenomenon is precisely defined by the current economic recovery in the country. According to Holley (2012), the level of consumer confidence is high indicated by the current economic conditions in a country. The improvement in consumer confidence is also ensured due the decline in unemployment in UK which helps to boost confidence. In addition, decline in house prices has also accounted for the improv ed consumer confidence in UK. Consumer confidence is fundamental as it influences economic policies in a country. Considerably, increased consumer confidence in UK has caused households to opt to invest instead of savings since they are confident of better returns with the prevailing economic conditions in the country.Positive trading conditions as a result of economic growth in U.KGrowth in business confidence is a major indicator that enhances economic growth. This has lead umteen investors in the UK to invest in many sectors since they have confidence on the business has there is a confirmed stable growth that motivates them to gum olibanum far invest more in other different sectors. This trading condition has highly encouraged many businesses to search for new markets in the UK and this comes a result of them many investors within and outside UK having enough confidence on what they are investing thus, these has attributed much to enormous growth in their economy. In additi on, they expect growth to create a huge pace now as the recovery continues to build steadily and business investment and net trade are also expected to offer increasing support to enhance over the coming years (Trade and investment for growth, 2011).Fairtrade sales in U.K have highly increases going up to 2.89bn globally towards the end of 2008 (Cofnas, 2012). On the same line with the economic growth there is a high increase in demand that helped to avoid the economic crisis and demonstrate the difference that depict with Fairtrades. Consequently, Fairtrade is highly attributed towards enhancing the economic growth in UK.Many of the latest research prevail that through the mechanisms entailed, Fairtrade grants a imperative economic opportunity for those individuals with smallholder farming families competent and ready to join producer associations and provide products of the right provisions for the take market. Consequently, many Fairtrade co-operatives are clutch and are be coming stronger, frequently showing a higher skill to survive in intricate times and becoming capable to grant important services to their members. This beef up is principally noticeable where producer ownership supplementary along the assessment chain is attained as demonstrated by the share ownership of producers (Cofnas, 2012).Increase in supply is another positive condition that has resulted from the economic growth in the UK. This came into consideration has the government offers and subsides to those producers of the necessary goods and services which generates external benefits that will fall the cost of production as well has encourage more supply. This has been enacted to encourage the supply of merit goods in the UK. For instance in the education sector, health and those issues dealing with the housing finance and therefore, these particular merits can advantageously be funded from the local government taxation or from the nongovernmental organization and this has hig hly contributed to the economic growth over the last few years.This is basically because they focus on the public goods, for example they concentrate on gimmick roads, bridges, airports and other more areas that are considered to be generating more income thus showing an increase in tax revenue. In addition, the food processing industry such as Cadbury plc is among those who have heavily benefited from the positive trading conditions, thus it noted to be among the largest leading confectionary with a wide range of products.Back in 2007, the Cadbury plc shut down the keynsham chocolate factory and this lead to about jobs closed. This was enhanced by the wake of wake of the global economic crunch, however, Presently, Hershey Chocolate Company, a US based plc is making tireless efforts to acquire Cadbury so as to enjoy broad world markets due to the positive tradition conditions that have been put in place and enhanced fully.Lastly, tariffs or free trade is another indicator that has enhances economic growth in the UK. According to the economists, when high tariff was not formulated, UK was not economically productive as it was stuck in a huge economic depression in the early years. In contrast, the tariff has currently created appropriate economy in that there is large proportion of the entire population at the same time dependent on commerce and industry sector. The imposition of free tariff has highly promoted growth of several industries. According to the economists, the assiduity in economic history, it shows the free trade provides long-run conditions for growth that maybe better than any other way (Aldridge, 2013).How positive trading conditions affects improvementes to strategic planning strategical planning is the process in an organization which leads the organization to coming up with news strategies and ideas and finding for subject matter of achieving those strategies as one way of improving an organization or company. It deals with knowing what is to be done, how it is going to be done and for what purpose and the means of doing it. Strategic planning involves understanding a companys mission, vision, strategies, aims, objectives, goals and achievements. The tools required for this include the pestle factors example economic, social, political, legal, environmental and technological and informatics factors. The construction industry which had been affected by the economic breakdown is now improving as various business strategies are being enhanced.United Kingdoms GDP is pushed upwardly through enhancing the positive trading conditions. The trading conditions in the United Kingdom are currently improving amidst many challenges facing the economy of Britain thus if the GDP is to move upwards then the trading conditions mustiness be improved. Last year November, the United Kingdoms exports had a small positive miscellanea which made the imports to decrease thus enhancing positive trading conditions which in return reflect ed a positive diverseness in the GDP ( broad Britain Great Britain, 2013).Change in trading conditions impacts greatly on the GDP thus it is determined by trading conditions. United Kingdoms sterling pound is weakening which contributes to an increase in the amounts exported because of recovery in trade worldwide. Thus as the number of exports increases the GDP exercises a positive move thereby stabilizing the economy thereby maintaining the strategic planning in order to maintain that positive move in the economy. Trading conditions determines which strategies to be put in place, when they will be made, who will make those strategies and resources required for the strategies to remain successful.The United Kingdoms trading conditions has suffered challenges over the last few years but lately the trading conditions are taking a positive direction. The manufacturers have learnt their lessons and identify their mistakes which enable them make strategic plans in order to avoid such mistakes in future. Strategic plans have been made in such a way that employment and investments remain balanced. By doing this, the economy of United Kingdom is getting boosted and the sterling pound is gaining value (Great Britain, 2007). Investors and employers are applying good strategic planning which is greatly reflected by improvement of trading conditions and economy at large. The manufacturers are now getting huge profits, trade less and exporting more which shows that the trade market is improving greatly.The United Kingdom is trying to balance its trade which is affected by a number of factors (Middleton, Rodger MacCulloch, 2008). The production cost of the exports should always remain freeze off than the cost of importation for the economy to remain stable. United Kingdom is strategizing that there are enough and usable raw materials instead of importing them. It has put restrictions on trade in terms of taxes and made sure that the trading environment is maintained inclusive of standards of health, safety of its people and conducive environment.Foreign exchange is a key strategy and a contributing factor in the economy of the United Kingdom. The high the unknown exchange the more stable the economy is and vice versa. In addition, it has come up with the strategy of minimizing the cost of the goods sold locally and increasing the cost of its exports. In addition, it has reduced the amount of imports in the country by producing most products locally. The commercial banks and investments banks were greatly affected by the economic decline then followed by the construction and insurance firms and companies. Through the good strategies enhanced the economic started to rise and is now growing to higher standards.The merits, dominance and relevance of prescriptive and emergent approaches to strategic planning in this improving economic climateThe say-so on the strategic planning is based on the ability on how managers and leaders are able to estab lish concrete strategies which help them attain their vision and mission in the most appropriate means possible. Strategic planning is fundamental to cite long term issues which might which might be as a result of prescriptive and emergent approaches. During hard economic times, strategic planning is merry for organization to draw up tangible strategies capable to enable the firm to reach out its desired goals and objectives. normative strategic planning can be defined as a strategy established onwards the whole implementation process starts (Jeffs, 2008).The whole idea revolves around investigation, planning, development and full implementation. This approach is vital particularly to ensure analysis of a firm is stable in relation to the economic conditions. prescriptive strategy is more focused towards developing enough ability to predict the changes occurring on the external environment. This approach makes it achievable to systematize difficult activities and conditions as a way of manner of speakinging the current environmental changes (Friend Zehle, 2004).On the other hand, emergent approach is an appropriate alternative to the prescriptive strategic planning. Emergent approach strategies are substantial as time elapses but usually without any objectives or reasons. This approach is a bit supple because it allows creation of more creative and responsive process in relation to the present economic conditions. This approach is not only important but also appropriate mainly to address the volatility certify in the present creative and responsive process. This approach is important because it can be easily alter in the best way possible to suit the current economic conditions (Rao, Rao Sivaramakrishna, 2008). It is also be relevant in unpredictable environment in order to address some key issues of concern. As manifest the climate is changing rapidly, and therefore it is important to adapt good strategies to ensure and maintain firms survival. p otentiality of both(prenominal) prescriptive and emergent approaches is based on the ability to establish clear business objectives and aims. The level of flexibility between different companies matters a lot in relation to adaptation of these strategies. Evidently, firms must develop tangible strategies to tackle the current changes in the environment in order to ensure their survival. Effectiveness of the strategic planning is based on the fact how a firm is prepared enough to look at all maters presented by economic conditions (Jeffs, 2008). The focus towards attaining business objectives is the key driver towards establishing effective strategic plan.The numerous changes happening in both developing and emerging countries have led to establishment and diffusion of good strategic planning. The effectives of both prescriptive and emergent approaches are determined by how an organization is able to fill out its operations and implementation of viable strategies. In other works it can be stated as the degree at which firms are able to successfully achieve its desired objectives in the most appropriate procedural. The effectiveness of strategic planning is closely linked with its achievements as a result of established objectives. Basically, strategic planning is more concerned with objectives and results despite presence of economic conditions (Rao, Rao Sivaramakrishna, 2008).Strategic planning is relevant to address all issues emerging as a result of economic trading conditions. According to Friend and Zehle (2004), both prescriptive strategies and emergent strategies are so relevant to address the current situation as witnessed in the in the current economic climate of instability. There is need for companies and organizations to effectively implement and adapt these strategies mainly to ensure their survival. The aim of these strategies is to ensure that an organization has proper mechanism put in place to grasp changes which might be as a result of e nvironmental changes (Jeffs, 2008).Strategic planning has gained more popularity with many companies adapting strategies with more efforts focused towards achieving the aims and objectives goals. Evidently, strategic planning helps organizations to grow progress and successfully adapt effective strategies to address the constantly changing environment.ConclusionFrom the above paper it is evident that, over the past few years, UK economy has witnessed a recession period characterized by decline in positive business conditions. This period indicated unfavorable business environment due to aspects of high taxation, reduced demand and high cost of imports. The implication is widespread low imports hence attracting all trading businesses. The economic recovery in UK also indicates enhanced future for high streets brands since it is improving its attractiveness and survival. According to many indicators, UK economy appears to be emerging from the turbulence of the past five years with it s devastating impact on many businesses including well known high street brands. Strategic planning is vital to address long term issues which might which might be as a result of prescriptive and emergent approaches.ReferenceAldridge, I. (2013). High-frequency trading A practical guide to recursive strategies and trading systems.Cofnas, A. (2012). Trading binary options Strategies and tactics. Hoboken, NJ Bloomberg Press/Wiley.Friend, G., Zehle, S. (2004). Guide to business planning. capital of the United Kingdom Economist in association with Profile Books.Great Britain. (2007). Success and failure in the UK car maunfacturing industry. 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