Globalisation during the twentieth century

Globalisation during the 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate foreign RelationsExplain the significance of the advance of media and communications to the process of manhoodwideisation during the 20th cytosine.The twentieth century saw the speed of technological achievement soaring as the humankind race innovated and developed fast than ever before. After the horse opera discovery of the New humans in the early modern plosive speech sound in that location was a great influx of Europeans crosswise the Atlantic seeking out new opportunities and big distance communication became to a greater extent and more important to remain in contact globally. Technological advances of the twentieth century not only help this difficult problem, but created a globalised world where abundant distances became no feat in ensuring the smooth functioning of life, business and politics.For exemplar, in 1865, when US President Abraham Lincoln was kill it took the intelligence agency twelve old age to travel to the get together Kingdom. This delivery required the use of boats to carry the contentedness across the Atlantic and then telegraph to deliver it from Cork in Ireland, to London. One hundred and xxx six years afterwards, on 11th September 2001, there was a terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in New York. The attack comprised of two planes hitting the two towers with roughly cardinal excellents between them. By the time the second plane hit the second tower there was an audience of around two billion who watched the second attack in real time. The technological advances of the twentieth century and the emergence of global media is what made this vast improvement and the development of a global colony possible.Innovators of the nineteenth century had already developed a primitive wired telegraph system which was use as the primary means of communication during this century (obviously other than of course the global standard for millennia intelligenc e operation of mouth). The downside of the telegraph was that whilst it was quicker than anything before, it was still a slow means of communication. The system still required remember cables and although it was star of the prototypical good examples of clear and more rapid international communication, it lacked the instantaneousness of modern globalised communication. other drawback was that it was not until undersea cables were laid in the middledle of the twentieth century that telegraphs could be sent across the Atlantic and by this time other more reliable appoints of transatlantic communication had been developed.It was not until inventors in the twentieth century, such as Marconi, began dabbling with wireless houses that the radio telegraph was created. Utilising these newly discovered radio waves in December 1901 Marconi telegraphed the letter S across the Atlantic from St. Johns in Newfoundland, to Poldhu in Cornwall, a distance of 18 hundred miles, using kite-born aerials at around whiz thousand feet. From this point radiotelegraphy took off and became one of the most revolutionary changes in communication in centuries, adopted especially favourably by the build up forces who began using it to communicate between ships which had until then been primarily using homing pigeons and visual signalling. There is bar in pinpointing the exact time when radio was first used to communicate human voice as claims are varied. However the first transatlantic human broadcast took place in 1915 with the signal locomote first from New York to San Francisco, then to Naval Radio Station NAA at Arlington Virginia and finally from there across the Atlantic Ocean to the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. By November 1920, the U.S. was operating a daily broadcast of plan radio programs, with the first being the 1920 U.S. Presidential election results.The importance of this history of radio is to first reason the speed at which radio was developed, but more impo rtantly to illustrate that by the 1920s human voices could be transmitted across oceans to communicate with what less than two hundred years ago would be near isolated countries. Not only this but the broadcast of the 1920 election results was arguably the first example of radio being used as a form of media, to publicize political discussion to the wider world. passim the next eighty years radio improved dramatically, including the introduction of FM (standing for frequency modulation the engineering science used) which controlled static to give a high-fidelity sound. In 1954 Sony produced the worlds first transistor radio, bringing to the world a revolutionary new step where radios became cheaper and by the latter half of the century the majority of the population of western nations owned one.Radio was not the only method for the broadcast of human voice, indeed the more direct, matched method of communicating over long distances was the telephone. According to ATT, one of th e leading telecommunications companies in the United States, by 1904, right at the beginning of the twentieth century, there were already over three million committed phones in the United States. The design and technological improvements increased end-to-end the twentieth century allowing nation across the globe to talk directly in real time (this also laid the groundwork for later developments in ready reckoner profitsing). The improvements aided globalisation to an incredible degree by allowing business and social interaction to take place not in the form of a letter sent and victorious days or even weeks to arrive, but instantaneously. The merging of this technology with the concept of two-way radios created after the invention of the radio led to the development of the wandering(a) phone. The military were primary users of the concept throughout the early twentieth century but it was not until the 1950s that mobile phones became practical, and not until the last decade o f the century that the pocket mobile phone became commonplace. Communication over long distance, and indeed globally, was then possible from anywhere on the footing (or at least where signal was found, which by the end of the century covered most places in approximately all countries across the world.One of the next important innovations of the twentieth century was the invention of the telecasting. By the mid 1920s inventors on both sides of the Atlantic were working on capturing, transmitting and receiving live orbits, with pioneers such as Scottish inventor John Logie Baird (famous for his original mechanical tv set set) and Americans Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin (who were focussed on all electric automobile units using cathode ray tubes). Regularly scheduled television broadcasts began in the late 1920s in the United States and throughout many other western nations by the 1930s, but it was not really until the 1950s that televisions entered the second-rate stati on. By this time mechanical televisions had been made obsolete in favour of the higher definition image produced by the newer purely electronic devices. Programming focussed around films and live dramas which dominated household fun across the world by the 1960s first in monochrome, and eventually, during the fifties and sixties, in full colour. notwithstanding the arguably slow start for television in the latter half of the twentieth century television became the single most important form of entertainment and media in the majority of the developed world. The majority of news throughout Europe and North America especially was delivered via the television and towards the end of the century broadcasts were running cardinal four hours a day, seven days a week. In 1963 the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnsons chronological succession gained four days of coverage, whereas the U.S. moon landing in 1969 was reputedly viewed by 94% of American television homes. It is almost impossible to debate that by the end of the twentieth century television was the dominant form of media in the western world, with a inform ninety nine percent of households owning at least one television and with an average of nearly seven hours exposure a day, much of it based on global issues, events and information. This exposure has created a population which is more informed about the world around them than ever before, and receivable to the simplicity and lack of necessary engagement or effort it appeals to almost every(prenominal)one. boob tube has also seen the produce of film and scripted television shows. Hollywood dominates the global film and television market with its programming shown throughout the entire world, and although there are many national groups vying for a share in the highly bankable industry, there is no comparison to their American counterpart. As stated by Sinclair, Jacka and Cunningham Hollywood has established itself as the interna tional best practice, and as stated by Mooney and Evans Wherever you go in the world plurality know of Mickey Mouse, Star Wars and Rambo.. The films produced by Hollywood are globally known, and despite a moderate between release dates in the U.S. and the rest of the world they are available no matter where you are on the earth. This demonstrates vast improvement even from the beginning of the century where by no means every country even had the technology to play films and television created in the United States.Another noticeable return of television and film on globalisation is the merging of cultures. Whereas in centuries previous there was little or no real exposure to foreign cultures other than actually visiting them the television in the twentieth century has brought thousands of different cultures into the living rooms of billions in the world. Language, clothing, design and rituals realize been adopted and adapted in many societies leading to hybrid creations and tota lly new cultures coming into existence. New cultures share elements from existing ones, taking specific traits and altering them to fit their own lifestyle or geography another key allegory of the globalised world.Aided by the growth in technology throughout the century the mass media has grown to bring into being one of the single most important forces of globalisation. News groups and organisations such as Reuters and the BBC have thousands of people stationed throughout the world keeping their finger on the pulse and ensuring that the rest of the world is up to date to the minute with the events throughout the globe. Not only making it easier to hear about global events, the mass media has ensured that ever small-scale world events receive some coverage and consequently the world feels much more united. No long is the news purely built around the happenings in North America and Europe (although to a degree this news does gain the majority of coverage), every crisis or affair throughout the third world is reported to the rest of the humanity.Perhaps the single most important and revolutionary development of the century was the creation of the computer and the worldwide network known as the Internet. The computer had been in development since the 1940s with individuals and teams across the world developing faster computers with more processing power. Yet it wasnt until the 1980s where personal computers for use in the home became practical, and not for nearly another decade before they were economical. However by the 1990s computers were owned in millions of homes across the world, increasing more and more throughout the last decade of the century. The attribute of computers that really aided the globalisation process however was networking and the profits. By connecting the computers of the world together using the existing telephone network (and later fibre optics) there was an immediate and permanent connection between all computers on the planet. d evelopment could be transferred instantly across the entire span of the world in milliseconds. As well as this, with developments in wireless technology internet access could be achieved almost anywhere mobile signal was found.In its original design, the precursor to the Internet, ARPANET, was designed as a system for the military and universities to share information, but it quickly grew in usage and spread to the wider civilian community. The effect of the internet on media was revolutionary. Photos, videos and stories could be uploaded to news sites instantaneously from anywhere in the world. More fundamentally however was that the internet created journalists out of anyone willing to contribute. due to the freedom and lack control over what could or could not be shared over the internet (a fundamental value of the internet community, which has to an extent been taken advantage of with the ability to pirate information) anyone wanting to spell a story or report on an event was fully capable of doing so and have the chance to have the entire world read it. Consequently news reporting became a more mass project than ever before with even the potential for less influence from biased sources. By the end of the century millions of people were actively reporting news on the internet and millions more turn to the independent news sources instead of the mainstream media.The Internet has also continued the trends set by television and film, allowing people across the world to get hold of and view television shows and films that they would never have had the chance to come up beforehand. Similarly, literature, essays and reports are found in the billions online where they can be accessed from anywhere. In this way it can be tell that the internet truly revolutionised information, allowing it to be accessed anywhere by anyone, and although this may not be true in all countries (some governments choose to limit and censor the content of the internet in their own t erritory) there is a level of freedom and globalisation that has never been seen before.The key importance of the advance of communications technology and media throughout the twentieth century has been its significance in creating a global village and its major role in the process of globalisation. As outlined, the growth of technology in communication has meant that society has advanced from its sluggish stair at the beginning of the twentieth century, to the instantaneous speed of the 1990s. As well as this the content of communications has improved allowing massive amounts of data to be sent in an instant as opposed to a short letter. Media coverage of the entire globe in real time makes keeping the world updated entirely simple and the number of people reporting has meant that the official news sources are not always the first to report a story. Most importantly however these advances have created an infinitely smaller world where oceans and vast distances between countries do not eliminate the need or desire to know about them or communicate with them, to the point where nations are closer than ever at a civilian level, not comely politically.BibliographyBooksGiddens, A., Sociology, 6th ed. (Polity Cambridge, 2009)Mooney, A., Evans, B., Globalization, The Key Concepts (Routledge London, 2007)Sinclair, J., Jacka, E., Cunningham, S., New Patterns in Global tv Peripheral Vision (Oxford University Press Oxford, 1996)Winston, B., Media, engine room and Society A tarradiddle From the Telegraph to the Internet (Routledge London, 1998)WebsitesAbout.com, The Invention of the Radio, http//inventors.about.com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio.htm accessed January 19th 2010ATT, ATT A Brief History Origins, http//www.corp.att.com/history/history1.html, accessed January 19th 2010GSM World, GSM Coverage Map, http//www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/index.shtml accessed January 19th 2010ThinkQuest, goggle box The History, http//library.thinkquest.org/18764/television/hist ory.html, accessed 19th January 2010Television Health, http//www.csun.edu/science/health/docs/tvhealth.html, accessed 20th January 2010Giddens, A., Sociology, 6th ed. (Polity Cambridge, 2009) Ch. 17 The Media pg.723Ibid.Winston, B., Media, Technology and Society A History From the Telegraph to the Internet (Routledge London, 1998) pg. 272The Invention of the Radio, About.com, http//inventors.about.com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio.htm accessed 19th January 2010Ibid.Ibid.The Invention of the Radio, About.com, http//inventors.about.com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio.htm accessed 19th January 2010ATT A Brief History Origins, http//www.corp.att.com/history/history1.html, accessed 19th January 2010GSM Coverage Map, http//www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/index.shtml accessed 19th January 2010Television The History, http//library.thinkquest.org/18764/television/history.html, accessed 19th January 2010Television Health, http//www.csun.edu/science/health/docs/tvhealth.html, accessed 20th Januar y 2010Sinclair, J., Jacka, E., Cunningham, S., New Patterns in Global Television Peripheral Vision (Oxford University Press Oxford, 1996) pg. 13Mooney, A., Evans, B., Globalization, The Key Concepts (Routledge London, 2007) pg. 111